1
00:00:07,829 --> 00:00:05,110
welcome to the space telescope public

2
00:00:11,030 --> 00:00:07,839
lecture series tonight's talk

3
00:00:13,270 --> 00:00:11,040
4 000 years of women in science by seth

4
00:00:15,270 --> 00:00:13,280
ann howard of the washington academy of

5
00:00:17,029 --> 00:00:15,280
sciences

6
00:00:19,670 --> 00:00:17,039
i'm your host dr frank summers of the

7
00:00:21,670 --> 00:00:19,680
space telescope science institute and i

8
00:00:23,509 --> 00:00:21,680
will remind you as i've done every month

9
00:00:25,670 --> 00:00:23,519
during the pandemic that the space

10
00:00:28,470 --> 00:00:25,680
telescope public lecture series will be

11
00:00:31,109 --> 00:00:28,480
online only until further notice

12
00:00:34,069 --> 00:00:31,119
i also have to thank the amazing tech

13
00:00:36,630 --> 00:00:34,079
team thomas marufu and grant justice who

14
00:00:40,069 --> 00:00:36,640
allow us to do this elaborate production

15
00:00:44,549 --> 00:00:40,079
from the comfort of my basement

16
00:00:47,350 --> 00:00:44,559
our upcoming talks on december 7th we

17
00:00:49,110 --> 00:00:47,360
will have the james webb space telescope

18
00:00:52,470 --> 00:00:49,120
countdown to launch

19
00:00:55,590 --> 00:00:52,480
by dr jw know-it-all

20
00:00:58,150 --> 00:00:55,600
okay so that's not really his name but i

21
00:01:00,310 --> 00:00:58,160
was promised i would have a speaker's

22
00:01:01,430 --> 00:01:00,320
name by the end of this week

23
00:01:05,670 --> 00:01:01,440
so

24
00:01:08,070 --> 00:01:05,680
mission telling you about this amazing

25
00:01:09,830 --> 00:01:08,080
mission that will launch on december

26
00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:09,840
18th

27
00:01:15,749 --> 00:01:13,040
in january the topic will be galaxy

28
00:01:18,469 --> 00:01:15,759
clusters and the speaker will be maria

29
00:01:20,070 --> 00:01:18,479
montesquiles here of the space telescope

30
00:01:23,910 --> 00:01:20,080
science institute

31
00:01:26,390 --> 00:01:23,920
and in february we have a lecture on

32
00:01:31,270 --> 00:01:26,400
from the front lines of the exoplanet

33
00:01:33,270 --> 00:01:31,280
revolution by arpita roy also of sdsci

34
00:01:35,990 --> 00:01:33,280
so if you want to find out about those

35
00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:36,000
upcoming talks and find out who dr jw

36
00:01:43,030 --> 00:01:37,920
noetal turns out to be

37
00:01:47,990 --> 00:01:45,990
public hyphen lectures

38
00:01:50,069 --> 00:01:48,000
there you'll find on the left hand side

39
00:01:52,149 --> 00:01:50,079
the link to our webcast

40
00:01:55,190 --> 00:01:52,159
both on our space telescope webcasting

41
00:01:57,429 --> 00:01:55,200
site and the playlist on youtube

42
00:01:59,590 --> 00:01:57,439
and on the right we'll have the easy way

43
00:02:01,830 --> 00:01:59,600
to subscribe to our email just enter

44
00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:01,840
your email address and hit the subscribe

45
00:02:05,590 --> 00:02:03,280
button

46
00:02:07,830 --> 00:02:05,600
also we have the links to all of our

47
00:02:09,270 --> 00:02:07,840
upcoming lectures

48
00:02:10,949 --> 00:02:09,280
and if you click on one of those

49
00:02:13,030 --> 00:02:10,959
lectures you get all the details about

50
00:02:15,750 --> 00:02:13,040
it including the descriptions and after

51
00:02:18,550 --> 00:02:15,760
it's been recorded the link to the sdsci

52
00:02:20,949 --> 00:02:18,560
webcast as well as the link to it on

53
00:02:22,949 --> 00:02:20,959
youtube

54
00:02:24,790 --> 00:02:22,959
if you want to know keep up with things

55
00:02:26,470 --> 00:02:24,800
well just sign up for our email

56
00:02:28,869 --> 00:02:26,480
announcements the easiest way is of

57
00:02:30,869 --> 00:02:28,879
course to sign up at the website

58
00:02:31,830 --> 00:02:30,879
you can also subscribe to our youtube

59
00:02:33,350 --> 00:02:31,840
channel

60
00:02:35,430 --> 00:02:33,360
youtube.com

61
00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:35,440
hubble space telescope all one word

62
00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:37,760
hubble space telescope and if you

63
00:02:41,589 --> 00:02:39,440
subscribe you'll get the new video

64
00:02:43,670 --> 00:02:41,599
notices and you'll get reminders of

65
00:02:44,949 --> 00:02:43,680
these live events

66
00:02:46,869 --> 00:02:44,959
finally if you have comments or

67
00:02:51,910 --> 00:02:46,879
questions you can send them to the email

68
00:02:55,750 --> 00:02:53,190
for those of you who would like to

69
00:02:57,430 --> 00:02:55,760
follow us on social media

70
00:02:59,830 --> 00:02:57,440
for the hubble space telescope for the

71
00:03:01,350 --> 00:02:59,840
james webb space telescope and for our

72
00:03:03,750 --> 00:03:01,360
institute the space telescope science

73
00:03:06,630 --> 00:03:03,760
institute we're on facebook and twitter

74
00:03:09,110 --> 00:03:06,640
and youtube and instagram

75
00:03:11,589 --> 00:03:09,120
i myself do a tiny tiny bit of social

76
00:03:12,949 --> 00:03:11,599
media on facebook and twitter if you

77
00:03:15,110 --> 00:03:12,959
want to know what i'm thinking these

78
00:03:17,430 --> 00:03:15,120
days

79
00:03:20,390 --> 00:03:17,440
and now our news from the universe for

80
00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:20,400
november 2021

81
00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:23,120
the first story tonight a mirrored

82
00:03:26,470 --> 00:03:24,640
galaxy

83
00:03:29,350 --> 00:03:26,480
now this comes to us from the sloan

84
00:03:32,949 --> 00:03:29,360
digital sky survey

85
00:03:34,390 --> 00:03:32,959
in particular a galaxy cluster with the

86
00:03:35,910 --> 00:03:34,400
totally

87
00:03:43,430 --> 00:03:35,920
unmemorable name

88
00:03:48,229 --> 00:03:45,030
that's the designation for this galaxy

89
00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:48,239
cluster okay uh yeah not all things in

90
00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:49,840
in the night sky have

91
00:03:53,750 --> 00:03:51,200
pretty names

92
00:03:56,710 --> 00:03:53,760
but the interesting object

93
00:03:59,589 --> 00:03:56,720
in this galaxy cluster does have a a

94
00:04:00,710 --> 00:03:59,599
moniker it's actually called hamilton's

95
00:04:03,750 --> 00:04:00,720
object

96
00:04:05,509 --> 00:04:03,760
and so this is an image of this galaxy

97
00:04:07,030 --> 00:04:05,519
and we're calling this the single image

98
00:04:08,550 --> 00:04:07,040
because

99
00:04:12,550 --> 00:04:08,560
this cluster

100
00:04:13,509 --> 00:04:12,560
is so massive that it actually warps

101
00:04:16,789 --> 00:04:13,519
space

102
00:04:17,830 --> 00:04:16,799
now via general relativity the presence

103
00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:17,840
of mass

104
00:04:22,310 --> 00:04:20,000
warps the space around it and in this

105
00:04:25,590 --> 00:04:22,320
galaxy cluster there's so

106
00:04:29,189 --> 00:04:25,600
much mass that it warps the space enough

107
00:04:31,749 --> 00:04:29,199
to divert the path of light we call this

108
00:04:34,230 --> 00:04:31,759
gravitational lensing

109
00:04:35,189 --> 00:04:34,240
and this galaxy seen in this single

110
00:04:37,749 --> 00:04:35,199
image

111
00:04:39,430 --> 00:04:37,759
actually passes multiple ways through

112
00:04:40,830 --> 00:04:39,440
this galaxy cluster

113
00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:40,840
and shows up

114
00:04:46,550 --> 00:04:44,400
here in a mirrored image

115
00:04:47,830 --> 00:04:46,560
now we call this a mirrored image

116
00:04:49,510 --> 00:04:47,840
because it's got a really special

117
00:04:52,710 --> 00:04:49,520
property because it

118
00:04:55,749 --> 00:04:52,720
mirrors across a line of reflection

119
00:04:58,070 --> 00:04:55,759
that line of refraction reflection that

120
00:05:00,310 --> 00:04:58,080
is what we call in gravitational lensing

121
00:05:02,710 --> 00:05:00,320
things a caustic line it's a line of

122
00:05:05,189 --> 00:05:02,720
sort of infinite magnification and that

123
00:05:07,189 --> 00:05:05,199
galaxy lies close enough or its light

124
00:05:09,270 --> 00:05:07,199
passes close enough to that line of

125
00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:09,280
infinite magnification the caustic that

126
00:05:13,749 --> 00:05:11,520
it actually is reflected across it and

127
00:05:15,670 --> 00:05:13,759
this is a really cool event you don't

128
00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:15,680
see this very often okay

129
00:05:20,790 --> 00:05:18,560
to get to see it so we have both the

130
00:05:23,909 --> 00:05:20,800
single image of hamilton's object plus

131
00:05:26,950 --> 00:05:23,919
we have this double mirrored image of it

132
00:05:29,189 --> 00:05:26,960
so that means there are three

133
00:05:30,230 --> 00:05:29,199
images of this for example white dot

134
00:05:40,469 --> 00:05:30,240
here

135
00:05:42,230 --> 00:05:40,479
images of this blue little piece on the

136
00:05:45,510 --> 00:05:42,240
side of the galaxy

137
00:05:47,029 --> 00:05:45,520
so gravitational lensing allows us to

138
00:05:49,430 --> 00:05:47,039
see multiple

139
00:05:51,909 --> 00:05:49,440
views of the same object

140
00:05:54,950 --> 00:05:51,919
and it gives us this you know sort of

141
00:05:57,350 --> 00:05:54,960
determination of where um the the mass

142
00:05:58,629 --> 00:05:57,360
is in this galaxy cluster because what's

143
00:06:00,469 --> 00:05:58,639
really important for this when you're

144
00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:00,479
doing the gravitational lensing of this

145
00:06:04,710 --> 00:06:02,960
is that most of the mass of the cluster

146
00:06:06,710 --> 00:06:04,720
is in dark matter

147
00:06:08,870 --> 00:06:06,720
and by doing this gravitational lensing

148
00:06:11,110 --> 00:06:08,880
studying this gravitational lensing we

149
00:06:13,430 --> 00:06:11,120
can actually map the distribution of

150
00:06:15,510 --> 00:06:13,440
dark matter in these galaxies clusters

151
00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:15,520
and in this case we come up with a

152
00:06:20,390 --> 00:06:18,160
really cool object with three images a

153
00:06:24,070 --> 00:06:20,400
single one and a mirrored one of

154
00:06:28,390 --> 00:06:27,110
our second story tonight is a pumpkin

155
00:06:31,029 --> 00:06:28,400
star

156
00:06:34,550 --> 00:06:31,039
now we here at hubble but we have no

157
00:06:37,189 --> 00:06:34,560
shame okay we are very happy to make a

158
00:06:39,990 --> 00:06:37,199
press release related to a holiday and

159
00:06:42,790 --> 00:06:40,000
two days ago it was halloween

160
00:06:44,469 --> 00:06:42,800
so for a halloween release we released

161
00:06:48,230 --> 00:06:44,479
this image

162
00:06:50,469 --> 00:06:48,240
it's of the star cw leonis and what

163
00:06:52,950 --> 00:06:50,479
you're supposed to see in this is

164
00:06:55,189 --> 00:06:52,960
what i see in this is hey doesn't it

165
00:06:57,749 --> 00:06:55,199
look kind of like a pumpkin viewed top

166
00:06:59,990 --> 00:06:57,759
down you know you got the orange circle

167
00:07:02,909 --> 00:07:00,000
in here and then you got the little uh

168
00:07:07,110 --> 00:07:02,919
green of the stem sipping up there

169
00:07:10,390 --> 00:07:07,120
except um that uh the view here

170
00:07:11,270 --> 00:07:10,400
is mostly in infrared light

171
00:07:14,390 --> 00:07:11,280
so

172
00:07:17,350 --> 00:07:14,400
uh the orange here is actually near uh

173
00:07:18,710 --> 00:07:17,360
eight fourteen eight 814 nanometers

174
00:07:22,550 --> 00:07:18,720
which is beyond the red end of the

175
00:07:25,749 --> 00:07:22,560
spectrum and the green is out of uh even

176
00:07:27,830 --> 00:07:25,759
further out into the infrared um so what

177
00:07:29,990 --> 00:07:27,840
color are they really if it's infrared

178
00:07:31,990 --> 00:07:30,000
they sort of just translate it there so

179
00:07:33,830 --> 00:07:32,000
sort of get this pumpkin you can say

180
00:07:36,710 --> 00:07:33,840
it's kind of a cheat but it's still it's

181
00:07:37,670 --> 00:07:36,720
our cool image um and uh it looks

182
00:07:40,070 --> 00:07:37,680
something

183
00:07:41,909 --> 00:07:40,080
it kind of looks like a pumpkin but

184
00:07:45,189 --> 00:07:41,919
what's really cool about this image is

185
00:07:48,230 --> 00:07:45,199
what's actually going on in here so cw

186
00:07:50,629 --> 00:07:48,240
leonis is a red giant star this is a

187
00:07:53,350 --> 00:07:50,639
star at the end of its life

188
00:07:55,029 --> 00:07:53,360
and its nuclear fusion in the core is

189
00:07:57,589 --> 00:07:55,039
going a little unstable

190
00:07:58,710 --> 00:07:57,599
and it actually is blowing out its outer

191
00:08:01,589 --> 00:07:58,720
layers

192
00:08:04,629 --> 00:08:01,599
and this is called a carbon star because

193
00:08:06,950 --> 00:08:04,639
these rings that you see in this image

194
00:08:10,150 --> 00:08:06,960
are layers of mostly carbon that has

195
00:08:13,029 --> 00:08:10,160
been blown out from the star as it goes

196
00:08:15,110 --> 00:08:13,039
unstable at the end of its life it blows

197
00:08:17,350 --> 00:08:15,120
out this extra stuff

198
00:08:19,029 --> 00:08:17,360
the other cool thing is if you look deep

199
00:08:21,270 --> 00:08:19,039
in the center you can sort of see what

200
00:08:24,070 --> 00:08:21,280
look like diffraction spikes and i sort

201
00:08:26,309 --> 00:08:24,080
of you know drew um a pattern here to

202
00:08:27,749 --> 00:08:26,319
say now this is what you first look at

203
00:08:28,790 --> 00:08:27,759
it looks like diffraction spikes from

204
00:08:31,749 --> 00:08:28,800
the star

205
00:08:35,350 --> 00:08:31,759
but hubble's diffraction spikes are nice

206
00:08:38,630 --> 00:08:35,360
cross of four spikes so these can't be

207
00:08:42,070 --> 00:08:38,640
diffraction spikes and what they are

208
00:08:45,190 --> 00:08:42,080
are light beams spewing out from the

209
00:08:46,790 --> 00:08:45,200
star okay there is obviously material

210
00:08:49,430 --> 00:08:46,800
around it and that there are these

211
00:08:52,790 --> 00:08:49,440
preferred paths where the light gets out

212
00:08:54,550 --> 00:08:52,800
and it creates these really strong beams

213
00:08:56,389 --> 00:08:54,560
and this is really weird because i

214
00:08:58,550 --> 00:08:56,399
haven't personally seen this myself i'm

215
00:09:00,949 --> 00:08:58,560
not a stellar expert

216
00:09:03,590 --> 00:09:00,959
but in terms of a red giant star going

217
00:09:06,949 --> 00:09:03,600
through its final days i've not seen

218
00:09:10,790 --> 00:09:06,959
beams of light like this so cw alone is

219
00:09:13,430 --> 00:09:10,800
beyond being this pretty pumpkin star um

220
00:09:16,710 --> 00:09:13,440
is also a very interesting star in its

221
00:09:18,949 --> 00:09:16,720
own right and showing you the way that

222
00:09:21,430 --> 00:09:18,959
stars you know have these unstable

223
00:09:25,430 --> 00:09:21,440
episodes as they're going passing

224
00:09:30,389 --> 00:09:29,430
okay so our speaker tonight is seth ann

225
00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:30,399
howard

226
00:09:34,870 --> 00:09:32,560
and usually i give you an interesting

227
00:09:36,470 --> 00:09:34,880
tidbit just before i i introduce her

228
00:09:38,790 --> 00:09:36,480
well let me just start with that

229
00:09:41,110 --> 00:09:38,800
interesting tidbit because

230
00:09:43,509 --> 00:09:41,120
uh in the 1970s

231
00:09:45,990 --> 00:09:43,519
seth ann took one of the images of

232
00:09:49,190 --> 00:09:46,000
halley's comet from 1910

233
00:09:52,389 --> 00:09:49,200
and digitized it and colorized it

234
00:09:54,470 --> 00:09:52,399
and it is that image that is on this uh

235
00:09:57,269 --> 00:09:54,480
stamp from india

236
00:09:59,829 --> 00:09:57,279
that is worth one rupee and so she likes

237
00:10:03,110 --> 00:09:59,839
to tell her students that her her work

238
00:10:05,350 --> 00:10:03,120
is worth at least one rupee

239
00:10:07,509 --> 00:10:05,360
well actually seth ann

240
00:10:10,310 --> 00:10:07,519
stuff is worth an awful lot more than

241
00:10:12,150 --> 00:10:10,320
that because she has done an amazing

242
00:10:14,470 --> 00:10:12,160
number of things in her life

243
00:10:17,190 --> 00:10:14,480
starting with getting her bachelor's

244
00:10:19,030 --> 00:10:17,200
degree from uc davis where she was the

245
00:10:21,509 --> 00:10:19,040
first woman

246
00:10:23,670 --> 00:10:21,519
to get a bachelor's degree in physics

247
00:10:25,030 --> 00:10:23,680
from uc davis

248
00:10:27,750 --> 00:10:25,040
she went on to get her master's in

249
00:10:30,710 --> 00:10:27,760
nuclear physics from rensselaer and she

250
00:10:32,710 --> 00:10:30,720
got her phd in astrophysics

251
00:10:35,190 --> 00:10:32,720
from georgia state

252
00:10:37,269 --> 00:10:35,200
and uh then she's had quite the uh

253
00:10:40,069 --> 00:10:37,279
illustrious career she's been many many

254
00:10:41,670 --> 00:10:40,079
different places uh emory university los

255
00:10:44,550 --> 00:10:41,680
alamos

256
00:10:48,069 --> 00:10:44,560
nasa marshall space flight center nasa

257
00:10:50,069 --> 00:10:48,079
hq and she ended up at the united states

258
00:10:53,509 --> 00:10:50,079
naval observatory

259
00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:53,519
so uh ladies and gentlemen dr seth ann

260
00:11:02,870 --> 00:11:00,230
thank you frank a lot that's very nice

261
00:11:04,470 --> 00:11:02,880
uh should i share my screen yes you

262
00:11:06,550 --> 00:11:04,480
should okay

263
00:11:08,949 --> 00:11:06,560
and remember to include the audio and i

264
00:11:11,829 --> 00:11:08,959
did oh good

265
00:11:16,630 --> 00:11:11,839
i i gotta find what i'm gonna share

266
00:11:22,790 --> 00:11:21,190
okay and we're going to make it a full

267
00:11:34,949 --> 00:11:22,800
screen

268
00:11:39,110 --> 00:11:36,069
there we go

269
00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:42,230
okay

270
00:11:48,949 --> 00:11:45,030
we'll do it again

271
00:11:52,870 --> 00:11:50,470
laser pointer

272
00:11:55,190 --> 00:11:52,880
because that will keep it from advancing

273
00:11:57,829 --> 00:11:55,200
women hold up half the sky

274
00:12:01,350 --> 00:11:57,839
is a saying native to many cultures

275
00:12:02,550 --> 00:12:01,360
indians in the in indians from india

276
00:12:05,030 --> 00:12:02,560
africans

277
00:12:07,829 --> 00:12:05,040
uh even the europeans women hold up half

278
00:12:09,829 --> 00:12:07,839
the sky therefore

279
00:12:13,590 --> 00:12:09,839
i issue a challenge

280
00:12:17,030 --> 00:12:13,600
if women hold up half the sky

281
00:12:19,110 --> 00:12:17,040
where are they in science

282
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:19,120
why aren't they listed

283
00:12:25,910 --> 00:12:22,480
so i i asked you to name one

284
00:12:28,310 --> 00:12:25,920
just to yourself before the 20th century

285
00:12:29,430 --> 00:12:28,320
and i do before the 20th century because

286
00:12:31,190 --> 00:12:29,440
after

287
00:12:33,829 --> 00:12:31,200
1910

288
00:12:35,829 --> 00:12:33,839
we get too many women and they swamp the

289
00:12:38,069 --> 00:12:35,839
wonderful women of the past

290
00:12:39,670 --> 00:12:38,079
so i don't want to swamp the women of

291
00:12:42,790 --> 00:12:39,680
the past i'm going to tell you about

292
00:12:44,470 --> 00:12:42,800
them and assume that the 20th century we

293
00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:44,480
just take off

294
00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:47,200
so when you name one it cannot be marie

295
00:12:50,550 --> 00:12:48,320
curie

296
00:12:54,069 --> 00:12:50,560
and this is a space telescope so we're

297
00:12:56,150 --> 00:12:54,079
not gonna name any astronomers either

298
00:13:00,949 --> 00:12:56,160
and that's your challenge see if you can

299
00:13:03,430 --> 00:13:00,959
come up with one before the 20th century

300
00:13:05,509 --> 00:13:03,440
and put it in the chat or whatever if

301
00:13:08,470 --> 00:13:05,519
you've got a good one put it in the chat

302
00:13:10,629 --> 00:13:08,480
or ask a question later

303
00:13:13,269 --> 00:13:10,639
so what i want to do

304
00:13:15,030 --> 00:13:13,279
is set the history stage and education

305
00:13:17,269 --> 00:13:15,040
stage to tell you

306
00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:17,279
what was going on four thousand years

307
00:13:23,350 --> 00:13:20,240
ago and three thousand years ago two

308
00:13:27,990 --> 00:13:25,350
riding began

309
00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:28,000
around thirty five hundred and after

310
00:13:31,509 --> 00:13:30,480
that in mesopotamia

311
00:13:33,670 --> 00:13:31,519
uh

312
00:13:36,069 --> 00:13:33,680
the land between the rivers the tigris

313
00:13:38,069 --> 00:13:36,079
and europe euphrates rivers

314
00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:38,079
and it began

315
00:13:43,750 --> 00:13:41,120
went to cuneiform and i'm i'm going to

316
00:13:46,150 --> 00:13:43,760
show you some of that

317
00:13:48,550 --> 00:13:46,160
egypt came in about the same time with

318
00:13:52,150 --> 00:13:48,560
hieroglyphs

319
00:13:54,790 --> 00:13:52,160
elam is proto-persian

320
00:13:57,990 --> 00:13:54,800
india was a little bit later and much

321
00:13:59,829 --> 00:13:58,000
later in minus 1200 china came in this

322
00:14:03,350 --> 00:13:59,839
is an oracle bone

323
00:14:07,750 --> 00:14:03,360
from china

324
00:14:13,829 --> 00:14:09,110
so

325
00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:14,790
now

326
00:14:17,750 --> 00:14:16,480
hieroglyphs everybody's seen a

327
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:17,760
hieroglyph

328
00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:20,160
and we don't do anything like that today

329
00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:23,040
today we we you we went down this path

330
00:14:28,949 --> 00:14:25,600
and we got an alphabet

331
00:14:28,959 --> 00:14:32,870
at all right

332
00:14:35,829 --> 00:14:34,870
that's just a joke

333
00:14:40,790 --> 00:14:35,839
okay

334
00:14:44,710 --> 00:14:43,110
everything in the blue box is going to

335
00:14:47,189 --> 00:14:44,720
be possible

336
00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:47,199
maybe legendary maybe not

337
00:14:53,189 --> 00:14:49,680
first of all you get writing you need

338
00:14:57,590 --> 00:14:53,199
writing to have history

339
00:15:00,949 --> 00:14:57,600
and in 20 minus 2700 was merit

340
00:15:03,269 --> 00:15:00,959
she may be legendary maybe not

341
00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:03,279
she was found her image is found near

342
00:15:09,269 --> 00:15:06,959
sakara a step pyramid

343
00:15:13,189 --> 00:15:09,279
and that's her image and she was called

344
00:15:15,670 --> 00:15:13,199
by her son the chief physician

345
00:15:17,910 --> 00:15:15,680
she may be legendary i don't know

346
00:15:19,670 --> 00:15:17,920
there's not a lot of information about

347
00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:19,680
her other than the fact that her image

348
00:15:27,030 --> 00:15:20,959
exists

349
00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:30,790
then there's kudabao

350
00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:32,150
kudabao was

351
00:15:38,550 --> 00:15:35,440
king of kish she was the only woman

352
00:15:41,110 --> 00:15:38,560
in the sumerian king list who was a king

353
00:15:43,189 --> 00:15:41,120
not a queen they liked her so much they

354
00:15:45,269 --> 00:15:43,199
thought so highly of her that they said

355
00:15:47,430 --> 00:15:45,279
you can be called king

356
00:15:50,389 --> 00:15:47,440
and i think they liked her so much

357
00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:50,399
because she owned and distributed and

358
00:15:55,030 --> 00:15:52,880
made the beer

359
00:15:57,189 --> 00:15:55,040
and you got beer and ale

360
00:15:59,430 --> 00:15:57,199
drinks from her

361
00:16:01,910 --> 00:15:59,440
and that was why she was so popular and

362
00:16:05,269 --> 00:16:01,920
apparently like in legend says she ruled

363
00:16:12,310 --> 00:16:08,150
now where is kiss you might ask i want

364
00:16:14,870 --> 00:16:12,320
to do a little bit of geography here

365
00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:14,880
here's the tigress coming down into the

366
00:16:18,710 --> 00:16:16,240
persian gulf

367
00:16:21,350 --> 00:16:18,720
and here's the euphrates coming down

368
00:16:25,990 --> 00:16:21,360
into the persian gulf

369
00:16:30,150 --> 00:16:26,870
uh

370
00:16:33,910 --> 00:16:30,160
we're going to talk about er you are and

371
00:16:36,470 --> 00:16:33,920
it's there at this time 4 000 years ago

372
00:16:37,430 --> 00:16:36,480
it was a port city it was on the persian

373
00:16:40,230 --> 00:16:37,440
gulf

374
00:16:43,749 --> 00:16:40,240
today all this is filled in and here is

375
00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:43,759
where the persian gulf begins

376
00:16:47,749 --> 00:16:46,240
in the 21st century down here where the

377
00:16:48,550 --> 00:16:47,759
blue line is

378
00:16:51,749 --> 00:16:48,560
but

379
00:16:54,069 --> 00:16:51,759
at the time we were going to work

380
00:16:55,269 --> 00:16:54,079
er was a port city and it was a major

381
00:16:58,150 --> 00:16:55,279
port city

382
00:17:00,790 --> 00:16:58,160
it brought in stuff from all over the

383
00:17:02,870 --> 00:17:00,800
the middle east

384
00:17:04,870 --> 00:17:02,880
and just for curiosity's sake there's

385
00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:04,880
babylon

386
00:17:09,909 --> 00:17:06,640
case you're curious

387
00:17:12,630 --> 00:17:09,919
sumer is the name of the of the people

388
00:17:15,110 --> 00:17:12,640
the black-headed people who lived in

389
00:17:18,390 --> 00:17:15,120
southern mesopotamia

390
00:17:20,630 --> 00:17:18,400
and acadia is the name of the people who

391
00:17:23,350 --> 00:17:20,640
were semitic not not the black-headed

392
00:17:24,630 --> 00:17:23,360
people but semitic people who lived in

393
00:17:27,429 --> 00:17:24,640
northern

394
00:17:31,510 --> 00:17:27,439
mesopotamia

395
00:17:35,029 --> 00:17:31,520
so that just sets the the geography

396
00:17:38,150 --> 00:17:35,039
now jumping over to china

397
00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:38,160
we have the lady the first apparently

398
00:17:44,950 --> 00:17:41,600
maybe legend says was the first queen

399
00:17:48,070 --> 00:17:44,960
uh consort of china and sitting in her

400
00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:48,080
garden she finally figured out how

401
00:17:53,190 --> 00:17:50,400
silkworms made silk

402
00:17:56,470 --> 00:17:53,200
and she developed and crea she created

403
00:17:59,110 --> 00:17:56,480
and developed the silk industry in china

404
00:18:01,510 --> 00:17:59,120
uh it sounds like legendary to me but it

405
00:18:05,510 --> 00:18:01,520
i believe it could be

406
00:18:12,310 --> 00:18:07,430
semi-ramas

407
00:18:15,190 --> 00:18:12,320
is was queen of babylon

408
00:18:16,630 --> 00:18:15,200
now they think she'd built tunnels under

409
00:18:18,870 --> 00:18:16,640
the euphrates

410
00:18:20,870 --> 00:18:18,880
so that you could go from one side of

411
00:18:23,830 --> 00:18:20,880
the euphrates in babylon to the other

412
00:18:24,630 --> 00:18:23,840
side of the euphrates in babylon

413
00:18:28,710 --> 00:18:24,640
and

414
00:18:29,909 --> 00:18:28,720
they think she her legend is based on

415
00:18:33,590 --> 00:18:29,919
this

416
00:18:37,190 --> 00:18:33,600
lady here shamu rama met

417
00:18:40,390 --> 00:18:37,200
who lived in 824 minus 824

418
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:40,400
but she saw she's probably legendary

419
00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:41,280
the

420
00:18:47,430 --> 00:18:43,679
2500 one

421
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:50,070
now we come to hashep's who's real that

422
00:18:56,150 --> 00:18:53,200
she was a real pharaoh of egypt

423
00:18:59,029 --> 00:18:56,160
and just for curiosity's sake what else

424
00:19:01,909 --> 00:18:59,039
was going on moses was around

425
00:19:03,990 --> 00:19:01,919
the trojan war happened

426
00:19:04,870 --> 00:19:04,000
my particular favorite

427
00:19:06,950 --> 00:19:04,880
was

428
00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:06,960
chocolate entered the world in minus

429
00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:10,720
1100 in the southern southern hemisphere

430
00:19:15,350 --> 00:19:12,240
and that's when that's when we got

431
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:15,360
chocolate which is i think is important

432
00:19:18,789 --> 00:19:17,440
the first olympics were held a little

433
00:19:21,350 --> 00:19:18,799
bit later

434
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:21,360
the f year of the city of the year of

435
00:19:26,390 --> 00:19:23,600
the founding of the city of rome was

436
00:19:28,549 --> 00:19:26,400
-648

437
00:19:31,350 --> 00:19:28,559
and then you have the dark ages what

438
00:19:34,710 --> 00:19:31,360
people call the dark ages uh

439
00:19:37,350 --> 00:19:34,720
going up to a thousand ce

440
00:19:40,789 --> 00:19:37,360
that's a misnomer they were not really

441
00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:40,799
dark at all and that's unfortunate

442
00:19:44,549 --> 00:19:43,280
i'm going to come in with my first

443
00:19:46,390 --> 00:19:44,559
scientist

444
00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:46,400
right about there

445
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:49,520
right after legend quits and reality

446
00:19:52,470 --> 00:19:50,720
takes over

447
00:19:56,470 --> 00:19:52,480
so that's where i'm going to come in

448
00:19:56,480 --> 00:19:59,990
long before chocolate

449
00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:02,470
so how did they educate

450
00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:05,280
we do know a little bit about that

451
00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:07,600
we know that if you were literate you

452
00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:08,320
could

453
00:20:12,230 --> 00:20:09,840
you were numerate in other words if you

454
00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:12,240
could read you could write and cipher

455
00:20:15,590 --> 00:20:14,240
they came together they weren't

456
00:20:17,750 --> 00:20:15,600
separated

457
00:20:19,990 --> 00:20:17,760
but more importantly you were a member

458
00:20:23,190 --> 00:20:20,000
of the upper classes this was done only

459
00:20:25,029 --> 00:20:23,200
for the well-to-do not for the common

460
00:20:26,710 --> 00:20:25,039
people of the

461
00:20:27,750 --> 00:20:26,720
village or city

462
00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:27,760
so

463
00:20:32,549 --> 00:20:29,840
only the upper classes could read and

464
00:20:33,590 --> 00:20:32,559
write and cipher

465
00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:33,600
to learn

466
00:20:38,149 --> 00:20:35,520
those things

467
00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:38,159
the they were called philosophers they

468
00:20:42,390 --> 00:20:40,559
were not called scientists they were

469
00:20:44,149 --> 00:20:42,400
called philosophers

470
00:20:46,149 --> 00:20:44,159
they are generalists

471
00:20:49,029 --> 00:20:46,159
sumer did it with schools teaching

472
00:20:51,590 --> 00:20:49,039
cuneiform they had actual schools

473
00:20:54,070 --> 00:20:51,600
egypt did it with actual schools where

474
00:20:55,830 --> 00:20:54,080
they did it in hieroglyphs india did it

475
00:20:59,029 --> 00:20:55,840
with schools a little bit later where

476
00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:59,039
they did it in sanskrit and china taught

477
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:01,200
the six arts of confucius

478
00:21:05,990 --> 00:21:03,840
a little bit later yet

479
00:21:07,669 --> 00:21:06,000
and the western world we did the seven

480
00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:07,679
liberal arts

481
00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:09,520
so what does that mean

482
00:21:18,230 --> 00:21:15,669
that adoba is the name of the school of

483
00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:18,240
learning a formal school of learning

484
00:21:22,390 --> 00:21:21,200
they were formal students signed up and

485
00:21:24,470 --> 00:21:22,400
and went through

486
00:21:26,070 --> 00:21:24,480
learning with it from a teacher

487
00:21:31,029 --> 00:21:26,080
they taught reading and math and

488
00:21:36,070 --> 00:21:33,430
now it in this era

489
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:36,080
was the beginning of modern science

490
00:21:40,710 --> 00:21:38,559
modern science and modern history began

491
00:21:43,430 --> 00:21:40,720
in sumer

492
00:21:44,710 --> 00:21:43,440
not later but this is where it began

493
00:21:46,950 --> 00:21:44,720
when you had

494
00:21:50,950 --> 00:21:46,960
reading and writing and ciphering

495
00:21:57,350 --> 00:21:54,470
so india taught six different things

496
00:22:00,149 --> 00:21:57,360
phonetics meter grammar entomology

497
00:22:02,630 --> 00:22:00,159
astronomy and ritual practices

498
00:22:05,909 --> 00:22:02,640
the six arts of confucius

499
00:22:09,029 --> 00:22:05,919
writes music archery chivalry

500
00:22:11,350 --> 00:22:09,039
calligraphy and math and astronomy

501
00:22:12,870 --> 00:22:11,360
the seven liberal arts

502
00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:12,880
if you're curious

503
00:22:23,830 --> 00:22:20,070
the three are grammar rhetoric and logic

504
00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:23,840
the four are arithmetic geometry music

505
00:22:27,029 --> 00:22:24,559
and

506
00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:27,039
guess what astronomy

507
00:22:33,669 --> 00:22:30,880
so astronomy showed up everywhere

508
00:22:35,990 --> 00:22:33,679
and the word scientist

509
00:22:39,510 --> 00:22:36,000
representing these people was not used

510
00:22:44,390 --> 00:22:39,520
until the 1850s so they were all called

511
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:46,950
here is my first lady

512
00:22:52,830 --> 00:22:50,880
4 400 years ago her name is in sumerian

513
00:22:55,909 --> 00:22:52,840
which i obviously speak

514
00:22:57,590 --> 00:22:55,919
fluently and hedawana

515
00:23:01,430 --> 00:22:57,600
meaning

516
00:23:03,190 --> 00:23:01,440
n is the name for chief lady lord queen

517
00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:03,200
boss head

518
00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:04,640
king

519
00:23:09,270 --> 00:23:06,320
ann is the title

520
00:23:10,390 --> 00:23:09,280
and she and hedonima means uh ornament

521
00:23:12,470 --> 00:23:10,400
of heaven

522
00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:12,480
so she was the first astronomer

523
00:23:16,149 --> 00:23:13,520
priestess

524
00:23:18,149 --> 00:23:16,159
in the city of er

525
00:23:20,870 --> 00:23:18,159
and she actually wrote that something

526
00:23:24,149 --> 00:23:20,880
has been created that no one has created

527
00:23:28,149 --> 00:23:24,159
before and she was the daughter of

528
00:23:31,909 --> 00:23:28,159
sargon of acadia and he was a warlord

529
00:23:35,750 --> 00:23:31,919
who captured sumeria and installed his

530
00:23:41,510 --> 00:23:36,870
in

531
00:23:43,510 --> 00:23:41,520
she was the first so that could be what

532
00:23:44,630 --> 00:23:43,520
she means here by something has been

533
00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:44,640
created

534
00:23:49,430 --> 00:23:46,480
uh she was the first one to become an

535
00:23:52,870 --> 00:23:49,440
astronomer priestess in ur

536
00:23:56,950 --> 00:23:54,470
this is from the university of

537
00:23:58,230 --> 00:23:56,960
pennsylvania museum it's a photo i took

538
00:24:00,310 --> 00:23:58,240
illegally

539
00:24:01,750 --> 00:24:00,320
while the guard was out of the room but

540
00:24:02,549 --> 00:24:01,760
i was with

541
00:24:03,430 --> 00:24:02,559
the

542
00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:03,440
uh

543
00:24:07,990 --> 00:24:05,840
curator of the tablets the chief curator

544
00:24:10,630 --> 00:24:08,000
of the tablets of the museum who said go

545
00:24:11,830 --> 00:24:10,640
ahead and take the picture so

546
00:24:14,549 --> 00:24:11,840
it's legal

547
00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:14,559
and there she is in procession

548
00:24:18,390 --> 00:24:15,600
uh

549
00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:18,400
we think the procession to establish her

550
00:24:22,870 --> 00:24:20,400
as the end priestess

551
00:24:26,149 --> 00:24:22,880
and it the uh

552
00:24:27,510 --> 00:24:26,159
side of the disc describes all this

553
00:24:30,870 --> 00:24:27,520
it's written on the side of the

554
00:24:33,110 --> 00:24:30,880
alabaster disc it's no longer on display

555
00:24:37,190 --> 00:24:33,120
it was on display when i was there but

556
00:24:40,789 --> 00:24:38,950
we know where she lived

557
00:24:43,430 --> 00:24:40,799
this is the aerial view of the

558
00:24:45,669 --> 00:24:43,440
archaeological dig at burr

559
00:24:48,789 --> 00:24:45,679
and she lived in quarters called the

560
00:24:52,149 --> 00:24:48,799
giphar which was the sacred place where

561
00:24:54,070 --> 00:24:52,159
the astronomer priestess has lived

562
00:24:57,430 --> 00:24:54,080
and

563
00:25:00,149 --> 00:24:57,440
er is famous for its ziggurat

564
00:25:01,110 --> 00:25:00,159
now the ziggurat was built after her

565
00:25:03,430 --> 00:25:01,120
time

566
00:25:05,669 --> 00:25:03,440
so it wasn't there when she was there

567
00:25:08,310 --> 00:25:05,679
but i put it here because it's what it's

568
00:25:11,990 --> 00:25:08,320
what ur is most famous for and to give

569
00:25:14,710 --> 00:25:12,000
you a side picture of the scale

570
00:25:17,269 --> 00:25:14,720
there is the partial reconstruction of

571
00:25:19,029 --> 00:25:17,279
the ziggurat with an army plane

572
00:25:22,070 --> 00:25:19,039
going over it

573
00:25:28,390 --> 00:25:22,080
and iraq and the u.s military were

574
00:25:31,430 --> 00:25:29,510
she

575
00:25:33,830 --> 00:25:31,440
created observatories

576
00:25:36,549 --> 00:25:33,840
across sumer with which to view the

577
00:25:39,750 --> 00:25:36,559
stars planets and moons and more

578
00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:39,760
importantly record their emotions they

579
00:25:49,269 --> 00:25:46,149
she was one of the primary advocates of

580
00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:49,279
astronomy and mathematics in base 60

581
00:25:52,549 --> 00:25:50,240
math

582
00:25:55,190 --> 00:25:52,559
sumer used base 60 which is why we have

583
00:25:58,549 --> 00:25:55,200
60 minutes to the hour and 60 seconds to

584
00:26:03,350 --> 00:25:58,559
the minute and 360 degrees in a circle

585
00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:06,149
about her time

586
00:26:10,549 --> 00:26:08,080
she helped maintain one of the first

587
00:26:12,950 --> 00:26:10,559
calendars which was a lunar calendar

588
00:26:15,590 --> 00:26:12,960
and that calendar is still used today

589
00:26:17,350 --> 00:26:15,600
today easter passover ramadan and other

590
00:26:19,350 --> 00:26:17,360
religious events

591
00:26:21,269 --> 00:26:19,360
it's a mess to calculate easter

592
00:26:23,909 --> 00:26:21,279
according to the rules

593
00:26:26,230 --> 00:26:23,919
uh using a lunar calendar

594
00:26:29,190 --> 00:26:26,240
using tables using the golden number

595
00:26:32,230 --> 00:26:29,200
using a whole bunch of oddball things it

596
00:26:35,350 --> 00:26:32,240
isn't as simple as the first uh full

597
00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:35,360
moon after first whatever we use it

598
00:26:39,510 --> 00:26:37,120
isn't that simple

599
00:26:41,909 --> 00:26:39,520
passover is just as complicated

600
00:26:43,830 --> 00:26:41,919
ramadan is easier to predict it's just

601
00:26:46,230 --> 00:26:43,840
somebody seeing the first of the new

602
00:26:51,590 --> 00:26:48,710
we have her writing she wrote things

603
00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:51,600
down on tablets and we have her writing

604
00:26:56,070 --> 00:26:54,400
this is her name in cuneiform and

605
00:26:58,710 --> 00:26:56,080
hedawana

606
00:27:02,390 --> 00:26:58,720
now if you're my generation

607
00:27:04,310 --> 00:27:02,400
and you think of writing tablets what do

608
00:27:06,470 --> 00:27:04,320
you think of as a tablet

609
00:27:08,230 --> 00:27:06,480
if you're my generation you think of

610
00:27:10,390 --> 00:27:08,240
this

611
00:27:12,950 --> 00:27:10,400
huge things that that are going to get

612
00:27:15,350 --> 00:27:12,960
thrown down and broken

613
00:27:17,909 --> 00:27:15,360
that's not what they were

614
00:27:21,430 --> 00:27:17,919
unfortunately

615
00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:21,440
cecil bill de mille got it wrong

616
00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:23,600
this is what a tablet looks like and

617
00:27:27,990 --> 00:27:26,080
after the lecture is over i will show

618
00:27:30,389 --> 00:27:28,000
you a tablet

619
00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:33,269
museum wouldn't give me her tablet i was

620
00:27:36,950 --> 00:27:34,880
very crushed but they wouldn't they

621
00:27:38,950 --> 00:27:36,960
wouldn't give me her tablet so i have

622
00:27:41,430 --> 00:27:38,960
another one to show you

623
00:27:44,789 --> 00:27:41,440
and in translation you can find on the

624
00:27:46,389 --> 00:27:44,799
web two of her long poems and 42 of her

625
00:27:49,029 --> 00:27:46,399
short poems

626
00:27:51,350 --> 00:27:49,039
and they wrote in poems

627
00:27:53,750 --> 00:27:51,360
couplets everybody did if you wrote

628
00:27:57,190 --> 00:27:53,760
literature you did it in poetry

629
00:28:00,470 --> 00:27:57,200
the bible was done that way

630
00:28:01,510 --> 00:28:00,480
and this particular uh

631
00:28:06,470 --> 00:28:01,520
tablet

632
00:28:09,269 --> 00:28:06,480
the moon goddess

633
00:28:10,630 --> 00:28:09,279
and she talks about house

634
00:28:12,630 --> 00:28:10,640
the inanna

635
00:28:15,350 --> 00:28:12,640
filled the land with venom and like

636
00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:15,360
thunder when you roar over the earth so

637
00:28:23,350 --> 00:28:18,080
she was writing about

638
00:28:28,230 --> 00:28:25,190
and to give you a

639
00:28:31,029 --> 00:28:28,240
a sample this is a tablet compared to a

640
00:28:32,950 --> 00:28:31,039
cell phone so they really are small

641
00:28:33,990 --> 00:28:32,960
they're not very big they can fit in a

642
00:28:35,830 --> 00:28:34,000
pocket

643
00:28:37,430 --> 00:28:35,840
so i put this up just to give you a

644
00:28:39,909 --> 00:28:37,440
sense of the scale

645
00:28:41,990 --> 00:28:39,919
they're not huge things and they're

646
00:28:43,909 --> 00:28:42,000
written

647
00:28:45,430 --> 00:28:43,919
if you see the line coming down the

648
00:28:47,350 --> 00:28:45,440
middle

649
00:28:51,110 --> 00:28:47,360
they're written in two sections and

650
00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:55,190
front and back

651
00:28:55,200 --> 00:29:01,029
this is a sample of her writing

652
00:29:08,549 --> 00:29:03,750
the true woman who possesses exceeding

653
00:29:13,909 --> 00:29:11,269
she can talk consults a tablet of lapis

654
00:29:15,750 --> 00:29:13,919
lazuli which was very rare it came from

655
00:29:20,950 --> 00:29:15,760
afghanistan and turkistan and was

656
00:29:26,549 --> 00:29:23,350
she gives advice to all lands that's a

657
00:29:32,389 --> 00:29:29,110
she measures off the heavens that's an

658
00:29:35,750 --> 00:29:34,710
she places the measuring chords on the

659
00:29:38,830 --> 00:29:35,760
earth

660
00:29:41,430 --> 00:29:38,840
that's mathematics

661
00:29:43,590 --> 00:29:41,440
surveying that's why i think you can

662
00:29:45,510 --> 00:29:43,600
it's fair to call her an astronomer

663
00:29:47,510 --> 00:29:45,520
priestess

664
00:29:49,990 --> 00:29:47,520
in the gipa which is

665
00:29:52,310 --> 00:29:50,000
where they lived the priests his rooms

666
00:29:55,430 --> 00:29:52,320
that that princely shrine of cosmic

667
00:29:57,510 --> 00:29:55,440
order they track the passage of the moon

668
00:29:59,750 --> 00:29:57,520
now we know that's that's how they did

669
00:30:02,070 --> 00:29:59,760
it they they uh built these

670
00:30:03,029 --> 00:30:02,080
observatories across

671
00:30:06,310 --> 00:30:03,039
sumer

672
00:30:11,510 --> 00:30:06,320
to track the passage of the moon

673
00:30:16,710 --> 00:30:14,230
the the british historian

674
00:30:17,830 --> 00:30:16,720
wrote that her compositions

675
00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:17,840
remained

676
00:30:22,950 --> 00:30:21,200
models of petitionary prayer and they

677
00:30:25,269 --> 00:30:22,960
you can find

678
00:30:28,470 --> 00:30:25,279
samples of them through the babylonians

679
00:30:30,630 --> 00:30:28,480
the hebrew bible and and homer

680
00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:30,640
and all the way into the early christian

681
00:30:35,269 --> 00:30:31,600
church

682
00:30:38,630 --> 00:30:35,279
her work was studied for over

683
00:30:40,710 --> 00:30:38,640
500 600 years after her death

684
00:30:43,110 --> 00:30:40,720
and as it said before she was called the

685
00:30:46,549 --> 00:30:43,120
shakespeare of the ancient world

686
00:30:48,870 --> 00:30:46,559
and the world's first poet

687
00:30:55,190 --> 00:30:51,590
those are good things

688
00:30:57,590 --> 00:30:55,200
so she could read and write we know that

689
00:30:59,509 --> 00:30:57,600
she standardized the political structure

690
00:31:00,710 --> 00:30:59,519
of the sumerian cities which were all

691
00:31:03,110 --> 00:31:00,720
scattered

692
00:31:05,350 --> 00:31:03,120
uh doing things different ways and we

693
00:31:07,990 --> 00:31:05,360
know that the first coat of laws came

694
00:31:10,149 --> 00:31:08,000
from sumer not from her but from sumer

695
00:31:13,509 --> 00:31:10,159
about the same time

696
00:31:15,590 --> 00:31:13,519
uh long before hammurabi came up with

697
00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:15,600
the code of laws

698
00:31:21,029 --> 00:31:18,880
she codified the religious structure

699
00:31:24,549 --> 00:31:21,039
and brought the whole

700
00:31:25,909 --> 00:31:24,559
sumerian sumer into a common

701
00:31:28,789 --> 00:31:25,919
sense of

702
00:31:31,190 --> 00:31:28,799
how you treated the gods and goddesses

703
00:31:33,029 --> 00:31:31,200
in your religion

704
00:31:34,870 --> 00:31:33,039
she controlled the flow of food and

705
00:31:35,990 --> 00:31:34,880
supplies from the city temple to the

706
00:31:37,990 --> 00:31:36,000
populace

707
00:31:40,070 --> 00:31:38,000
that takes math

708
00:31:41,590 --> 00:31:40,080
she maintained the calendar as head of

709
00:31:43,750 --> 00:31:41,600
the synagogue

710
00:31:46,789 --> 00:31:43,760
a group of people who look for the new

711
00:31:48,470 --> 00:31:46,799
moon is called a synod that hence the

712
00:31:50,230 --> 00:31:48,480
synodic month

713
00:31:53,190 --> 00:31:50,240
in astronomy

714
00:31:54,950 --> 00:31:53,200
so she was head of the synod in er

715
00:31:57,190 --> 00:31:54,960
and she would be looking for the new

716
00:31:59,110 --> 00:31:57,200
moon to define the beginning of the

717
00:32:01,990 --> 00:31:59,120
month

718
00:32:06,630 --> 00:32:02,000
she managed the distribution of land

719
00:32:11,029 --> 00:32:09,029
so she did

720
00:32:14,710 --> 00:32:11,039
my question to you is

721
00:32:16,870 --> 00:32:14,720
was she a philosopher or early scientist

722
00:32:18,310 --> 00:32:16,880
and the i think she was i think the

723
00:32:21,590 --> 00:32:18,320
answer is yes

724
00:32:22,710 --> 00:32:21,600
but i post this because i posted her

725
00:32:25,590 --> 00:32:22,720
story

726
00:32:27,029 --> 00:32:25,600
on the aaas website the american

727
00:32:30,710 --> 00:32:27,039
association for the advancement of

728
00:32:32,630 --> 00:32:30,720
science and i got blowback from

729
00:32:34,630 --> 00:32:32,640
philosophers who said

730
00:32:36,950 --> 00:32:34,640
science did not start until the ancient

731
00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:36,960
greeks

732
00:32:40,549 --> 00:32:38,640
some said science didn't start until

733
00:32:42,710 --> 00:32:40,559
galileo

734
00:32:45,669 --> 00:32:42,720
and i think they're wrong i think we

735
00:32:46,549 --> 00:32:45,679
have an example of one right here

736
00:32:48,230 --> 00:32:46,559
so

737
00:32:49,590 --> 00:32:48,240
you can make up your own mind as to

738
00:32:52,310 --> 00:32:49,600
whether you think she was an early

739
00:32:56,149 --> 00:32:52,320
scientist or not based on what i've told

740
00:32:59,830 --> 00:32:58,149
now the earliest we've gone through on

741
00:33:03,430 --> 00:32:59,840
the top

742
00:33:06,630 --> 00:33:03,440
aganiche underneath at hedwana was the

743
00:33:08,950 --> 00:33:06,640
wife of cesarous affair of egypt and she

744
00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:08,960
used hieroglyphs to write down the

745
00:33:14,630 --> 00:33:11,840
planetary motions which is a neat trick

746
00:33:18,870 --> 00:33:14,640
in hieroglyphs i couldn't do it but she

747
00:33:21,430 --> 00:33:18,880
she was one who could track the planets

748
00:33:26,070 --> 00:33:23,110
taputi

749
00:33:27,110 --> 00:33:26,080
was is known as the world's first

750
00:33:29,269 --> 00:33:27,120
chemist

751
00:33:31,190 --> 00:33:29,279
she was head of the palace

752
00:33:32,149 --> 00:33:31,200
uh

753
00:33:34,789 --> 00:33:32,159
place

754
00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:34,799
that made the perfume which was not just

755
00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:38,720
to smell good but it was used in in

756
00:33:42,789 --> 00:33:40,320
religious events it was used in

757
00:33:45,029 --> 00:33:42,799
political events it was used in all

758
00:33:47,110 --> 00:33:45,039
kinds of events as well as just to smell

759
00:33:50,620 --> 00:33:47,120
good so she is known

760
00:33:53,990 --> 00:33:50,630
as the world's first chemist

761
00:33:58,549 --> 00:33:56,230
was the queen of the amazons

762
00:34:00,389 --> 00:33:58,559
and i've got her in here because she was

763
00:34:03,269 --> 00:34:00,399
killed in the in the trojan war by

764
00:34:04,630 --> 00:34:03,279
achilles but she is known for an

765
00:34:10,230 --> 00:34:04,640
invention

766
00:34:13,829 --> 00:34:10,240
excuse me while a cat enters the picture

767
00:34:13,839 --> 00:34:17,990
sorry about that

768
00:34:21,430 --> 00:34:20,629
but she's eager to find out what's going

769
00:34:23,349 --> 00:34:21,440
on

770
00:34:26,069 --> 00:34:23,359
there are three

771
00:34:27,190 --> 00:34:26,079
women mentioned in the ancient indian

772
00:34:29,990 --> 00:34:27,200
venice

773
00:34:32,869 --> 00:34:30,000
now as natural philosophers so they also

774
00:34:34,790 --> 00:34:32,879
had women as natural philosophers their

775
00:34:35,909 --> 00:34:34,800
names are there i can't really pronounce

776
00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:35,919
them but

777
00:34:39,909 --> 00:34:38,720
uh those are the names from india

778
00:34:42,470 --> 00:34:39,919
so we had

779
00:34:43,990 --> 00:34:42,480
a series of women all the way along

780
00:34:46,470 --> 00:34:44,000
along

781
00:34:47,589 --> 00:34:46,480
the years and one man

782
00:34:49,589 --> 00:34:47,599
imhotep

783
00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:49,599
the man in blue

784
00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:52,000
he was the one who was the architect of

785
00:34:56,550 --> 00:34:54,720
the pyramids and he may be legendary

786
00:34:58,470 --> 00:34:56,560
because he he turned out they made him

787
00:34:59,829 --> 00:34:58,480
into a god because he designed the

788
00:35:03,829 --> 00:34:59,839
pyramid

789
00:35:05,510 --> 00:35:03,839
he lived in the time when it could have

790
00:35:08,310 --> 00:35:05,520
been legendary

791
00:35:10,310 --> 00:35:08,320
so we don't really know

792
00:35:12,630 --> 00:35:10,320
now i could

793
00:35:14,150 --> 00:35:12,640
show you a list

794
00:35:16,390 --> 00:35:14,160
forget the list

795
00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:16,400
we're not going to do lists

796
00:35:22,150 --> 00:35:18,960
just know that if i mention a woman

797
00:35:26,310 --> 00:35:22,160
there are 20 30 40 50 100 lined up

798
00:35:27,910 --> 00:35:26,320
behind her that we could mention

799
00:35:30,310 --> 00:35:27,920
uh so

800
00:35:33,589 --> 00:35:30,320
if i mentioned theano know that there

801
00:35:36,150 --> 00:35:33,599
are 30 others lined up around her she

802
00:35:38,870 --> 00:35:36,160
was the wife of pythagoras and is the

803
00:35:42,390 --> 00:35:38,880
one who developed the golden ratio

804
00:35:45,910 --> 00:35:42,400
which says a is to be a plus b

805
00:35:48,150 --> 00:35:45,920
is to a as a is to be

806
00:35:50,310 --> 00:35:48,160
and the golden ratio is a infinite

807
00:35:54,950 --> 00:35:50,320
number but it's one point it starts off

808
00:35:59,270 --> 00:35:56,550
and

809
00:36:00,630 --> 00:35:59,280
it's supposedly the most pleasing

810
00:36:02,790 --> 00:36:00,640
of

811
00:36:05,589 --> 00:36:02,800
how things should look

812
00:36:06,950 --> 00:36:05,599
if you use the golden ratio

813
00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:06,960
so

814
00:36:13,109 --> 00:36:10,640
here's the golden mean spiral

815
00:36:16,069 --> 00:36:13,119
and it's based on identical golden

816
00:36:18,630 --> 00:36:16,079
rectangles each one with a golden ratio

817
00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:18,640
of 1.618

818
00:36:24,069 --> 00:36:21,200
of the long side to the short side so

819
00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:24,079
that's the golden mean spiral and we

820
00:36:26,950 --> 00:36:25,200
find it

821
00:36:30,230 --> 00:36:26,960
in reality

822
00:36:35,589 --> 00:36:32,950
things from the sea shells

823
00:36:41,270 --> 00:36:35,599
a staircase i wouldn't go up

824
00:36:45,829 --> 00:36:44,150
and if you can see the faint

825
00:36:54,069 --> 00:36:45,839
uh

826
00:36:57,750 --> 00:36:55,750
moving ahead

827
00:37:01,270 --> 00:36:57,760
cleopatra is not somebody you would

828
00:37:03,990 --> 00:37:01,280
think of as a scientist but this lady

829
00:37:06,870 --> 00:37:04,000
spoke eight languages

830
00:37:08,950 --> 00:37:06,880
she studied geography history astronomy

831
00:37:11,349 --> 00:37:08,960
international diplomacy mathematics

832
00:37:12,230 --> 00:37:11,359
alchemy medicine zoology economics and

833
00:37:14,950 --> 00:37:12,240
more

834
00:37:17,910 --> 00:37:14,960
and that makes her a natural philosopher

835
00:37:20,150 --> 00:37:17,920
and so she was able to

836
00:37:21,750 --> 00:37:20,160
do what anybody else would do who's a

837
00:37:24,069 --> 00:37:21,760
natural philosopher

838
00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:24,079
and who also spoke eight languages she

839
00:37:28,870 --> 00:37:26,560
was the first of the

840
00:37:31,990 --> 00:37:28,880
greek pharaohs who actually learned

841
00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:32,000
egyptian ancient egyptian

842
00:37:37,670 --> 00:37:34,720
that we don't think of cleopatra as a as

843
00:37:39,109 --> 00:37:37,680
a scientist but she's the one who gave

844
00:37:40,870 --> 00:37:39,119
julius caesar

845
00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:40,880
an astronomer to

846
00:37:48,550 --> 00:37:44,000
reconstruct the the roman calendar and

847
00:37:53,430 --> 00:37:51,829
mary hibrea was an alchemist of the

848
00:37:54,310 --> 00:37:53,440
first century

849
00:37:56,630 --> 00:37:54,320
she

850
00:37:57,750 --> 00:37:56,640
invented or came across

851
00:38:00,150 --> 00:37:57,760
invented

852
00:38:04,630 --> 00:38:02,550
hydrochloric acid she's the one who came

853
00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:04,640
up with hydrochloric acid

854
00:38:09,109 --> 00:38:05,920
and she

855
00:38:11,349 --> 00:38:09,119
invented tools to do her alchemy and one

856
00:38:13,510 --> 00:38:11,359
of them was a water bath

857
00:38:16,150 --> 00:38:13,520
that's a double boiler

858
00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:16,160
in france it's called the bameli

859
00:38:22,150 --> 00:38:18,400
they named it after her

860
00:38:24,470 --> 00:38:22,160
in germany it's called bahrain bad

861
00:38:25,990 --> 00:38:24,480
they named it after her it still is

862
00:38:28,069 --> 00:38:26,000
today

863
00:38:29,190 --> 00:38:28,079
so she invented

864
00:38:30,150 --> 00:38:29,200
a still

865
00:38:31,349 --> 00:38:30,160
uh

866
00:38:32,550 --> 00:38:31,359
ways to

867
00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:32,560
to

868
00:38:36,710 --> 00:38:34,720
handle hydrochloric acid which was i

869
00:38:40,150 --> 00:38:36,720
suppose very tricky

870
00:38:42,230 --> 00:38:40,160
and very talented lady in alexandria she

871
00:38:49,109 --> 00:38:42,240
lived in alexandria egypt in the first

872
00:38:54,710 --> 00:38:51,670
is one you probably have heard of and

873
00:38:55,750 --> 00:38:54,720
it's pronounced hippatia because she was

874
00:38:58,230 --> 00:38:55,760
greek

875
00:39:02,630 --> 00:38:58,240
the americans mispronounce it and but

876
00:39:05,670 --> 00:39:02,640
it's properly pronounced he patia

877
00:39:07,990 --> 00:39:05,680
people say she invented an astrolabe

878
00:39:10,950 --> 00:39:08,000
i don't think she invented an astrolabe

879
00:39:13,349 --> 00:39:10,960
i think she did she built her own but

880
00:39:15,349 --> 00:39:13,359
she didn't invent the concept but she

881
00:39:17,750 --> 00:39:15,359
did invent the concept of measuring the

882
00:39:19,349 --> 00:39:17,760
specific gravity of water

883
00:39:21,750 --> 00:39:19,359
and we know this

884
00:39:22,630 --> 00:39:21,760
because of letters her students wrote to

885
00:39:24,390 --> 00:39:22,640
her

886
00:39:27,109 --> 00:39:24,400
the philosophy she was called the

887
00:39:29,589 --> 00:39:27,119
philosopher at the great library in

888
00:39:32,950 --> 00:39:29,599
alexandria and letters addressed to the

889
00:39:35,349 --> 00:39:32,960
philosopher were delivered to her

890
00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:35,359
she was a teacher an inventor a writer a

891
00:39:40,069 --> 00:39:36,640
mathematician

892
00:39:42,710 --> 00:39:40,079
and i recommend to you a dvd

893
00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:42,720
that is a film of her life a short film

894
00:39:47,030 --> 00:39:45,520
of her life called agara

895
00:39:48,230 --> 00:39:47,040
and it is

896
00:39:50,390 --> 00:39:48,240
which is

897
00:39:51,670 --> 00:39:50,400
greek for marketplace

898
00:39:54,390 --> 00:39:51,680
and

899
00:39:57,270 --> 00:39:54,400
it's a wonderful film that tries to show

900
00:40:00,230 --> 00:39:57,280
a balanced view of what life was like in

901
00:40:02,710 --> 00:40:00,240
alexandria during her time

902
00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:02,720
and how she played into the

903
00:40:08,790 --> 00:40:06,240
into the society she was a pagan

904
00:40:10,550 --> 00:40:08,800
there were christians there were jews

905
00:40:12,150 --> 00:40:10,560
and there were

906
00:40:14,150 --> 00:40:12,160
the romans

907
00:40:17,349 --> 00:40:14,160
and the pagans

908
00:40:22,829 --> 00:40:18,710
now she

909
00:40:25,030 --> 00:40:22,839
was known for she wrote several books

910
00:40:27,990 --> 00:40:25,040
unfortunately when the library was

911
00:40:30,390 --> 00:40:28,000
finally destroyed we lost all her books

912
00:40:33,109 --> 00:40:30,400
we only know she wrote them from letters

913
00:40:34,309 --> 00:40:33,119
her students had written her

914
00:40:35,109 --> 00:40:34,319
uh

915
00:40:38,630 --> 00:40:35,119
so

916
00:40:40,470 --> 00:40:38,640
she did write commentary on lots of

917
00:40:42,710 --> 00:40:40,480
stuff and wrote the text the

918
00:40:48,550 --> 00:40:42,720
astronomical canon but we don't know

919
00:40:54,230 --> 00:40:52,790
fables should be taught as fables myths

920
00:40:57,430 --> 00:40:54,240
as myths

921
00:41:00,150 --> 00:40:57,440
and miracles as poetic fantasies

922
00:41:02,550 --> 00:41:00,160
to teach superstitions as truth is a

923
00:41:06,630 --> 00:41:02,560
most terrible thing

924
00:41:09,430 --> 00:41:06,640
the child mind accepts and believes them

925
00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:09,440
and only through great

926
00:41:15,990 --> 00:41:12,480
pain and perhaps tragedy can he be in

927
00:41:19,030 --> 00:41:16,000
after years relieved of them

928
00:41:22,390 --> 00:41:19,040
in fact men will fight for a

929
00:41:24,230 --> 00:41:22,400
superstition quite as quickly as for

930
00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:24,240
a living truth

931
00:41:29,349 --> 00:41:26,160
often more so

932
00:41:31,829 --> 00:41:29,359
since a superstition is so intangible

933
00:41:33,750 --> 00:41:31,839
that you cannot get at it

934
00:41:37,349 --> 00:41:33,760
to refute it

935
00:41:38,790 --> 00:41:37,359
but truth is a point of view

936
00:41:41,030 --> 00:41:38,800
and so

937
00:41:43,990 --> 00:41:41,040
is changeable

938
00:41:46,950 --> 00:41:44,000
that's a quote from hepatia

939
00:41:50,069 --> 00:41:46,960
an interesting quote i think it

940
00:41:52,950 --> 00:41:50,079
lasts through the centuries

941
00:41:53,910 --> 00:41:52,960
she was known for speaking her mind

942
00:41:54,950 --> 00:41:53,920
and

943
00:41:57,270 --> 00:41:54,960
if you

944
00:41:58,870 --> 00:41:57,280
remember one thing from the talk

945
00:42:02,550 --> 00:41:58,880
remember this

946
00:42:05,910 --> 00:42:02,560
reserve your right to think

947
00:42:08,470 --> 00:42:05,920
for even to think wrongly is better than

948
00:42:10,630 --> 00:42:08,480
not to think at all

949
00:42:11,990 --> 00:42:10,640
that's a wonderful quote

950
00:42:14,550 --> 00:42:12,000
from her

951
00:42:17,470 --> 00:42:14,560
now she was

952
00:42:19,430 --> 00:42:17,480
in her chariot riding through

953
00:42:22,950 --> 00:42:19,440
alexandria and

954
00:42:24,630 --> 00:42:22,960
the bishop cyril of of alexandria hated

955
00:42:25,910 --> 00:42:24,640
her because she was a pagan he was a

956
00:42:31,349 --> 00:42:25,920
christian

957
00:42:34,470 --> 00:42:31,359
monks and they pulled her from her

958
00:42:36,309 --> 00:42:34,480
chariot and peeled her to death with

959
00:42:38,710 --> 00:42:36,319
oyster shells

960
00:42:42,150 --> 00:42:38,720
and that was the method of her death

961
00:42:44,710 --> 00:42:42,160
and she she's therefore sacrificed for

962
00:42:45,829 --> 00:42:44,720
her science

963
00:42:48,309 --> 00:42:45,839
something

964
00:42:49,190 --> 00:42:48,319
we wouldn't know about today would we

965
00:42:51,829 --> 00:42:49,200
well

966
00:42:54,390 --> 00:42:51,839
doctor jean wong mamudi was an iranian

967
00:42:55,589 --> 00:42:54,400
meteorologist a woman who dared to be a

968
00:42:58,550 --> 00:42:55,599
scientist

969
00:43:04,069 --> 00:42:58,560
and was executed for this by the iranian

970
00:43:06,309 --> 00:43:04,079
revolutionary guard on december 27 1981

971
00:43:08,069 --> 00:43:06,319
that was 1500 years later

972
00:43:10,309 --> 00:43:08,079
and of course that we could say that's

973
00:43:13,589 --> 00:43:10,319
it too but now we have malala thank

974
00:43:16,630 --> 00:43:13,599
goodness she's still with us malala

975
00:43:20,950 --> 00:43:16,640
in 2012 is when she was attacked

976
00:43:26,790 --> 00:43:23,670
so i like to dedicate these talks to dr

977
00:43:28,950 --> 00:43:26,800
mama d

978
00:43:30,069 --> 00:43:28,960
now let's do a brief update of where we

979
00:43:32,550 --> 00:43:30,079
are

980
00:43:34,230 --> 00:43:32,560
we're moving into the dark ages coming

981
00:43:36,230 --> 00:43:34,240
forward in time

982
00:43:38,230 --> 00:43:36,240
the dark ages were a time where there

983
00:43:40,710 --> 00:43:38,240
were lots of schools

984
00:43:42,950 --> 00:43:40,720
in india there was a buddhist

985
00:43:45,190 --> 00:43:42,960
monastery that

986
00:43:50,150 --> 00:43:45,200
taught a university

987
00:43:51,990 --> 00:43:50,160
and then in morocco in 859 fatima

988
00:43:53,589 --> 00:43:52,000
founded this university i can't

989
00:43:54,390 --> 00:43:53,599
pronounce its name

990
00:43:57,109 --> 00:43:54,400
but

991
00:43:59,430 --> 00:43:57,119
it was founded in 859

992
00:44:01,030 --> 00:43:59,440
and it exists today

993
00:44:04,150 --> 00:44:01,040
it is

994
00:44:05,430 --> 00:44:04,160
calls itself the longest existing

995
00:44:06,710 --> 00:44:05,440
university

996
00:44:09,349 --> 00:44:06,720
in the world

997
00:44:12,069 --> 00:44:09,359
because it was built in 1859 and is

998
00:44:17,109 --> 00:44:12,079
still going strong today

999
00:44:19,990 --> 00:44:17,119
italy the salerno medical school in 1875

1000
00:44:22,550 --> 00:44:20,000
and then convents and monasteries ran

1001
00:44:25,270 --> 00:44:22,560
schools throughout europe

1002
00:44:26,550 --> 00:44:25,280
if you if a woman wanted to learn

1003
00:44:29,670 --> 00:44:26,560
anything

1004
00:44:31,270 --> 00:44:29,680
a high-ranking woman she would go to a

1005
00:44:35,349 --> 00:44:31,280
convent school where they would teach

1006
00:44:40,630 --> 00:44:37,430
in the early middle ages the university

1007
00:44:44,069 --> 00:44:40,640
of bologna was founded in 1088

1008
00:44:46,069 --> 00:44:44,079
and the university of paris in 1100

1009
00:44:48,390 --> 00:44:46,079
now they both are called universities

1010
00:44:51,109 --> 00:44:48,400
but they are very very distinct from

1011
00:44:54,950 --> 00:44:51,119
each other one in italy one in france

1012
00:44:57,750 --> 00:44:54,960
the one in italy was founded in 1088 and

1013
00:45:00,150 --> 00:44:57,760
from that time to this women have been

1014
00:45:02,870 --> 00:45:00,160
welcomed at the doors of universities in

1015
00:45:09,990 --> 00:45:04,790
university of paris

1016
00:45:12,550 --> 00:45:10,000
the first ranking

1017
00:45:15,109 --> 00:45:12,560
people in the priesthood were eligible

1018
00:45:17,030 --> 00:45:15,119
to go to the university of paris

1019
00:45:19,349 --> 00:45:17,040
and that's

1020
00:45:21,589 --> 00:45:19,359
a big difference between the university

1021
00:45:30,390 --> 00:45:21,599
of bologna and the university of paris

1022
00:45:36,470 --> 00:45:33,910
son duke was a queen of korea

1023
00:45:39,430 --> 00:45:36,480
and in the sixth century she had she

1024
00:45:43,190 --> 00:45:39,440
liked astronomy and pad built

1025
00:45:49,589 --> 00:45:45,190
and my cat just is going to try to

1026
00:45:52,390 --> 00:45:50,710
yes

1027
00:45:53,190 --> 00:45:52,400
sorry about that

1028
00:45:56,069 --> 00:45:53,200
uh

1029
00:45:58,069 --> 00:45:56,079
and this is what remains of the temple

1030
00:46:01,910 --> 00:45:58,079
of the sun and moon today

1031
00:46:05,030 --> 00:46:01,920
but she was the queen of korea who liked

1032
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:08,390
hildegard is one of my favorites

1033
00:46:11,750 --> 00:46:10,800
she lit she was an abbess a benedictine

1034
00:46:15,270 --> 00:46:11,760
abbess

1035
00:46:16,470 --> 00:46:15,280
in the 11th century in bingham omrin in

1036
00:46:20,950 --> 00:46:16,480
germany

1037
00:46:22,950 --> 00:46:20,960
was a scholar leader musician writer

1038
00:46:25,430 --> 00:46:22,960
mystic healer artist

1039
00:46:27,349 --> 00:46:25,440
she that's one of her illuminations on

1040
00:46:31,190 --> 00:46:27,359
the left and it's one of my favorites

1041
00:46:32,150 --> 00:46:31,200
because it reminds me of falling stars

1042
00:46:32,950 --> 00:46:32,160
uh

1043
00:46:41,030 --> 00:46:32,960
she

1044
00:46:44,230 --> 00:46:41,040
one one of the books was on natural

1045
00:46:46,390 --> 00:46:44,240
healing and she is honored by many

1046
00:46:47,510 --> 00:46:46,400
people as the founder of holistic

1047
00:46:49,270 --> 00:46:47,520
medicine

1048
00:46:51,670 --> 00:46:49,280
and the book has

1049
00:46:54,470 --> 00:46:51,680
a recipe for spice cookies because

1050
00:46:57,829 --> 00:46:54,480
cinnamon was an important thing to calm

1051
00:47:00,230 --> 00:46:57,839
your bitterness of heart and mind

1052
00:47:04,069 --> 00:47:00,240
and you can find this recipe on the web

1053
00:47:06,150 --> 00:47:04,079
it's called hildegard's cookies of joy

1054
00:47:08,550 --> 00:47:06,160
so you don't need to copy it down it's

1055
00:47:09,589 --> 00:47:08,560
it's out there hildegard's cookies of

1056
00:47:11,990 --> 00:47:09,599
joy

1057
00:47:14,150 --> 00:47:12,000
if you if i couldn't figure a way to get

1058
00:47:16,470 --> 00:47:14,160
spice cookies to the internet to you i'm

1059
00:47:18,790 --> 00:47:16,480
very sorry because i usually hand them

1060
00:47:20,710 --> 00:47:18,800
out of these talks but you can see

1061
00:47:23,109 --> 00:47:20,720
they're made of of

1062
00:47:26,150 --> 00:47:23,119
cinnamon nutmeg and cloves

1063
00:47:28,790 --> 00:47:26,160
and then the regular cookie

1064
00:47:32,069 --> 00:47:28,800
concoction and they're they're about

1065
00:47:34,069 --> 00:47:32,079
this big this big around small

1066
00:47:36,470 --> 00:47:34,079
and they taste delicious

1067
00:47:38,870 --> 00:47:36,480
so your mind will be joyous your sense

1068
00:47:41,430 --> 00:47:38,880
is purified and harmful humors will

1069
00:47:43,910 --> 00:47:41,440
diminish

1070
00:47:46,069 --> 00:47:43,920
this is she wrote music

1071
00:47:49,030 --> 00:47:46,079
she wrote the gorian chants

1072
00:47:50,950 --> 00:47:49,040
and this is a page of her music and let

1073
00:47:53,829 --> 00:47:50,960
me see if it will play

1074
00:47:56,470 --> 00:47:53,839
a little bit

1075
00:48:02,150 --> 00:47:56,480
uh it won't play this way i have to

1076
00:48:02,160 --> 00:48:13,220
there we go

1077
00:48:19,440 --> 00:48:15,630
[Music]

1078
00:48:21,410 --> 00:48:19,450
pretty much

1079
00:48:26,069 --> 00:48:21,420
[Applause]

1080
00:48:39,750 --> 00:48:26,079
[Music]

1081
00:48:45,750 --> 00:48:43,030
there will will not go on too long

1082
00:48:47,270 --> 00:48:45,760
because it runs into copyright issues

1083
00:48:49,510 --> 00:48:47,280
but

1084
00:48:51,510 --> 00:48:49,520
it is said that her music was so

1085
00:48:52,549 --> 00:48:51,520
beautiful that people would faint upon

1086
00:48:55,510 --> 00:48:52,559
hearing it

1087
00:48:59,109 --> 00:48:55,520
and a thousand years after her time

1088
00:49:00,829 --> 00:48:59,119
in 2000 the national cathedral did a

1089
00:49:05,270 --> 00:49:00,839
whole day of

1090
00:49:07,510 --> 00:49:05,280
her gregorian chants i have eight cds of

1091
00:49:09,670 --> 00:49:07,520
her of her gregorian chants

1092
00:49:13,829 --> 00:49:09,680
if you're interested in her music make

1093
00:49:15,109 --> 00:49:13,839
sure that the cd you or dvd you buy

1094
00:49:17,750 --> 00:49:15,119
is not

1095
00:49:20,069 --> 00:49:17,760
one with orchestral accompaniment

1096
00:49:21,430 --> 00:49:20,079
gregorian chants are meant to be

1097
00:49:24,150 --> 00:49:21,440
acapella

1098
00:49:26,309 --> 00:49:24,160
so don't get one with an orchestra and

1099
00:49:28,950 --> 00:49:26,319
they've done that some other people have

1100
00:49:31,910 --> 00:49:28,960
put or orchestral music to it and that's

1101
00:49:36,870 --> 00:49:34,549
she painted

1102
00:49:39,990 --> 00:49:36,880
these are three of her illuminations the

1103
00:49:43,190 --> 00:49:40,000
stars on the right the one in the middle

1104
00:49:44,790 --> 00:49:43,200
is called the cosmic egg

1105
00:49:47,430 --> 00:49:44,800
and

1106
00:49:48,710 --> 00:49:47,440
so she was very talented as a as an

1107
00:49:50,710 --> 00:49:48,720
artist

1108
00:49:52,549 --> 00:49:50,720
most of the nuns were that's what one of

1109
00:49:55,510 --> 00:49:52,559
the things they did was

1110
00:49:57,589 --> 00:49:55,520
uh illume or paint prayer books in the

1111
00:49:59,829 --> 00:49:57,599
bible

1112
00:50:00,950 --> 00:49:59,839
now she wrote a book called the physical

1113
00:50:03,109 --> 00:50:00,960
world

1114
00:50:05,190 --> 00:50:03,119
and in that book she said the stars

1115
00:50:06,790 --> 00:50:05,200
gravitate around the sun just as the

1116
00:50:10,230 --> 00:50:06,800
earth attracts the creatures which

1117
00:50:12,549 --> 00:50:10,240
inhabit it this is universal gravitation

1118
00:50:14,630 --> 00:50:12,559
long before uh newton

1119
00:50:16,549 --> 00:50:14,640
and now she was wrong about gravitating

1120
00:50:18,549 --> 00:50:16,559
about the sun but that's okay because

1121
00:50:20,870 --> 00:50:18,559
everybody thought the sun was the center

1122
00:50:24,549 --> 00:50:20,880
of the universe in those days

1123
00:50:27,430 --> 00:50:24,559
um but it was the fact that the earth's

1124
00:50:29,349 --> 00:50:27,440
gravitation and the stars gravitation

1125
00:50:32,870 --> 00:50:29,359
was the same

1126
00:50:36,790 --> 00:50:34,630
her analogies

1127
00:50:38,950 --> 00:50:36,800
stars are not immovable

1128
00:50:41,670 --> 00:50:38,960
they transverse the universe

1129
00:50:43,030 --> 00:50:41,680
just like blood moving through the body

1130
00:50:45,750 --> 00:50:43,040
that's good

1131
00:50:47,829 --> 00:50:45,760
but she wasn't perfect

1132
00:50:48,790 --> 00:50:47,839
i like to pretend she's perfect but she

1133
00:50:51,510 --> 00:50:48,800
wasn't

1134
00:50:52,870 --> 00:50:51,520
a precious gem will heal the body if

1135
00:50:55,910 --> 00:50:52,880
taken to bed

1136
00:50:59,030 --> 00:50:55,920
at a diamond held in the mouth of a wire

1137
00:51:00,549 --> 00:50:59,040
will cure any spiritual defects i'd love

1138
00:51:02,309 --> 00:51:00,559
to test this out

1139
00:51:06,549 --> 00:51:02,319
so if you send me your diamonds i'll

1140
00:51:10,630 --> 00:51:07,349
then

1141
00:51:11,670 --> 00:51:10,640
herod of lonzberg a little bit later

1142
00:51:13,670 --> 00:51:11,680
wrote

1143
00:51:15,670 --> 00:51:13,680
what we consider to be the first

1144
00:51:18,069 --> 00:51:15,680
encyclopedia called the garden of

1145
00:51:21,190 --> 00:51:18,079
delights and in it

1146
00:51:26,710 --> 00:51:21,200
let me turn back to the

1147
00:51:26,720 --> 00:51:30,150
back

1148
00:51:30,160 --> 00:51:35,349
laser pointer

1149
00:51:39,109 --> 00:51:37,990
these are the seven liberal arts around

1150
00:51:41,589 --> 00:51:39,119
here

1151
00:51:44,390 --> 00:51:41,599
each one is a lady representing a

1152
00:51:46,870 --> 00:51:44,400
liberal one of the seven

1153
00:51:48,710 --> 00:51:46,880
so she wrote one of the world's first

1154
00:51:51,349 --> 00:51:48,720
encyclopedias

1155
00:51:54,150 --> 00:51:51,359
on the seven liberal arts and she taught

1156
00:51:56,870 --> 00:51:54,160
in her school in her convent

1157
00:51:59,910 --> 00:51:56,880
the seven liberal arts

1158
00:52:02,390 --> 00:51:59,920
this is a frontispiece to euclid's

1159
00:52:03,589 --> 00:52:02,400
elements and it shows a woman teaching

1160
00:52:05,349 --> 00:52:03,599
the monks

1161
00:52:08,069 --> 00:52:05,359
geometry

1162
00:52:11,109 --> 00:52:08,079
that was 13 uh 10.

1163
00:52:14,069 --> 00:52:11,119
so women were

1164
00:52:16,870 --> 00:52:14,079
still involved

1165
00:52:19,910 --> 00:52:16,880
i don't know her name but she

1166
00:52:23,750 --> 00:52:19,920
was somebody who taught geometry

1167
00:52:26,309 --> 00:52:23,760
then moving ahead a little bit

1168
00:52:27,910 --> 00:52:26,319
i i tried to avoid sticking in a whole

1169
00:52:30,309 --> 00:52:27,920
bunch of astronomers because i'm

1170
00:52:31,349 --> 00:52:30,319
prejudiced for astronomy and i didn't

1171
00:52:34,069 --> 00:52:31,359
want to

1172
00:52:37,430 --> 00:52:34,079
inundate you with astronomers but tico

1173
00:52:39,670 --> 00:52:37,440
bright was one of the last great

1174
00:52:44,230 --> 00:52:39,680
pre-telescope observers

1175
00:52:49,829 --> 00:52:47,109
is sophia

1176
00:52:52,950 --> 00:52:49,839
helped him in his work and she also did

1177
00:52:55,030 --> 00:52:52,960
observations for him and with him

1178
00:53:03,349 --> 00:52:55,040
and

1179
00:53:06,390 --> 00:53:03,359
were sick she she would heal them

1180
00:53:09,109 --> 00:53:06,400
so the danish government has said when

1181
00:53:11,349 --> 00:53:09,119
denmark remembers hertiko she should not

1182
00:53:14,069 --> 00:53:11,359
forget the noblewoman his sister who in

1183
00:53:16,470 --> 00:53:14,079
spirit was more than blood that shining

1184
00:53:18,150 --> 00:53:16,480
star in the danish sky is indeed a

1185
00:53:19,510 --> 00:53:18,160
double star

1186
00:53:22,950 --> 00:53:19,520
raje was

1187
00:53:30,309 --> 00:53:25,990
so she she counts

1188
00:53:32,069 --> 00:53:30,319
so does this lady maria marion she drew

1189
00:53:33,829 --> 00:53:32,079
pictures of

1190
00:53:34,630 --> 00:53:33,839
insects

1191
00:53:36,950 --> 00:53:34,640
and

1192
00:53:38,069 --> 00:53:36,960
traveled the world she went to south

1193
00:53:40,470 --> 00:53:38,079
america

1194
00:53:42,150 --> 00:53:40,480
to study insects there she was from

1195
00:53:43,589 --> 00:53:42,160
germany

1196
00:53:45,109 --> 00:53:43,599
and

1197
00:53:46,390 --> 00:53:45,119
she said that

1198
00:53:48,790 --> 00:53:46,400
note that

1199
00:53:51,510 --> 00:53:48,800
nature shall always be wrestling art and

1200
00:53:53,910 --> 00:53:51,520
nature until they eventually conquer one

1201
00:53:56,630 --> 00:53:53,920
another so that the victory is the same

1202
00:53:59,510 --> 00:53:56,640
stroke and line that which is conquered

1203
00:54:00,710 --> 00:53:59,520
conquers at the same time

1204
00:54:04,950 --> 00:54:00,720
she

1205
00:54:09,030 --> 00:54:04,960
the united states issued 32 cent stamp

1206
00:54:11,190 --> 00:54:09,040
in her honor with two of her drawings

1207
00:54:14,710 --> 00:54:11,200
and she was the first to show the

1208
00:54:16,870 --> 00:54:14,720
complete life cycle of an insect

1209
00:54:19,510 --> 00:54:16,880
they didn't know that insects actually

1210
00:54:23,589 --> 00:54:19,520
went through a life cycle to become

1211
00:54:26,069 --> 00:54:23,599
what you see as the grown-up insect

1212
00:54:27,349 --> 00:54:26,079
if you find her drawings today they're

1213
00:54:29,829 --> 00:54:27,359
available

1214
00:54:32,069 --> 00:54:29,839
but they cost many thousands of dollars

1215
00:54:36,789 --> 00:54:32,079
her drawings are so exquisitely

1216
00:54:41,190 --> 00:54:39,190
it seems to me debilitating for a

1217
00:54:43,670 --> 00:54:41,200
catholic not to know everything in this

1218
00:54:46,150 --> 00:54:43,680
life of divine mysteries that can be

1219
00:54:49,349 --> 00:54:46,160
learned through natural means this was

1220
00:54:50,390 --> 00:54:49,359
sister de la cruz in mexico city

1221
00:54:54,470 --> 00:54:50,400
she

1222
00:54:57,510 --> 00:54:54,480
was also a poet and is honored by mexico

1223
00:54:59,030 --> 00:54:57,520
by putting her image on the

1224
00:55:01,750 --> 00:54:59,040
1000

1225
00:55:03,670 --> 00:55:01,760
peso bill

1226
00:55:06,470 --> 00:55:03,680
science and knowledge will strengthen

1227
00:55:08,710 --> 00:55:06,480
faith in god not weaken it and i think

1228
00:55:12,549 --> 00:55:08,720
it's interesting that she finds no

1229
00:55:15,349 --> 00:55:12,559
conflict between religion and science

1230
00:55:17,190 --> 00:55:15,359
uh and if it would be good

1231
00:55:21,109 --> 00:55:17,200
to carry that forward

1232
00:55:27,109 --> 00:55:24,789
she had a great library in mexico city

1233
00:55:29,750 --> 00:55:27,119
she had a telescope she observed the

1234
00:55:31,190 --> 00:55:29,760
stars we know that much and she had a

1235
00:55:33,109 --> 00:55:31,200
lot of books

1236
00:55:35,270 --> 00:55:33,119
she was not popular with the bishop but

1237
00:55:37,270 --> 00:55:35,280
i can understand that

1238
00:55:40,950 --> 00:55:37,280
the bishop didn't like her doing all

1239
00:55:44,789 --> 00:55:43,670
the taj mahal is famous throughout the

1240
00:55:46,069 --> 00:55:44,799
world

1241
00:55:49,670 --> 00:55:46,079
and the

1242
00:55:51,270 --> 00:55:49,680
maternal aunt of the woman buried in the

1243
00:55:55,990 --> 00:55:51,280
taj mahal

1244
00:55:57,270 --> 00:55:56,000
the maternal aunt her name is noor mahal

1245
00:56:01,349 --> 00:55:57,280
and she

1246
00:56:05,349 --> 00:56:04,390
a tar of roses she was a alchemist a

1247
00:56:08,630 --> 00:56:05,359
chemist

1248
00:56:16,789 --> 00:56:08,640
and she made perfume and we still use a

1249
00:56:20,870 --> 00:56:18,950
i added in another astronomer but not

1250
00:56:23,910 --> 00:56:20,880
for the reason you think

1251
00:56:26,630 --> 00:56:23,920
she she wrote in one of her books

1252
00:56:29,990 --> 00:56:26,640
a hint that if uranus

1253
00:56:32,069 --> 00:56:30,000
the motion of uranus isn't quite right

1254
00:56:33,910 --> 00:56:32,079
there could be another planet out there

1255
00:56:35,510 --> 00:56:33,920
causing the problem

1256
00:56:37,430 --> 00:56:35,520
and it was a hint that there might be

1257
00:56:38,870 --> 00:56:37,440
another planet and it is because of the

1258
00:56:40,950 --> 00:56:38,880
hint in her book

1259
00:56:42,789 --> 00:56:40,960
that astronomers went out and found the

1260
00:56:45,510 --> 00:56:42,799
planet neptune

1261
00:56:49,430 --> 00:56:45,520
so she wrote several things that are

1262
00:56:52,470 --> 00:56:49,440
uh she translated laplace into english

1263
00:56:54,710 --> 00:56:52,480
it's still used as a textbook

1264
00:56:56,789 --> 00:56:54,720
uh she wrote a paper on the magnetic

1265
00:56:58,789 --> 00:56:56,799
properties of the violent rays of the

1266
00:57:00,549 --> 00:56:58,799
solar spectrum i'd love to see that

1267
00:57:02,549 --> 00:57:00,559
paper

1268
00:57:04,549 --> 00:57:02,559
the connection of the physical sciences

1269
00:57:05,829 --> 00:57:04,559
is a textbook in which this quote

1270
00:57:08,549 --> 00:57:05,839
appears

1271
00:57:10,150 --> 00:57:08,559
about uranus and the possibility of

1272
00:57:13,670 --> 00:57:10,160
another planet

1273
00:57:16,309 --> 00:57:13,680
and physical geography

1274
00:57:18,630 --> 00:57:16,319
and molecular and microscopic science

1275
00:57:20,630 --> 00:57:18,640
now i put her in here not because she

1276
00:57:24,150 --> 00:57:20,640
did all these wonderful things

1277
00:57:25,670 --> 00:57:24,160
but because she was scottish

1278
00:57:26,390 --> 00:57:25,680
and scotland

1279
00:57:32,390 --> 00:57:26,400
in

1280
00:57:34,630 --> 00:57:32,400
telford two other scots

1281
00:57:37,030 --> 00:57:34,640
in a public competition run by the royal

1282
00:57:39,589 --> 00:57:37,040
bank of scotland to decide whose face

1283
00:57:41,910 --> 00:57:39,599
should appear on the new ten pound notes

1284
00:57:44,710 --> 00:57:41,920
and they did it on facebook

1285
00:57:47,829 --> 00:57:44,720
and she actually won she beat out

1286
00:57:52,230 --> 00:57:47,839
maxwell and telford and the 10 pound

1287
00:57:56,309 --> 00:57:54,789
so i think that's wonderful that's a

1288
00:57:57,589 --> 00:57:56,319
country

1289
00:57:58,549 --> 00:57:57,599
dedicating

1290
00:58:00,950 --> 00:57:58,559
uh

1291
00:58:05,589 --> 00:58:00,960
its money pictures that they use to

1292
00:58:09,910 --> 00:58:06,470
now

1293
00:58:12,150 --> 00:58:09,920
british patent number 401 was possibly

1294
00:58:13,349 --> 00:58:12,160
one of the first patents granted to the

1295
00:58:14,710 --> 00:58:13,359
colonies

1296
00:58:18,789 --> 00:58:14,720
by england

1297
00:58:20,710 --> 00:58:18,799
and it was granted to sir thomas masters

1298
00:58:23,270 --> 00:58:20,720
for an invention

1299
00:58:25,349 --> 00:58:23,280
by his wife sibila

1300
00:58:27,589 --> 00:58:25,359
his wife did the work

1301
00:58:29,510 --> 00:58:27,599
and he got her name on the patent but

1302
00:58:31,990 --> 00:58:29,520
women couldn't get patents in their own

1303
00:58:34,390 --> 00:58:32,000
name in england at that time but he did

1304
00:58:36,950 --> 00:58:34,400
get her name on the patent

1305
00:58:37,829 --> 00:58:36,960
it was a device to clean and cure indian

1306
00:58:40,230 --> 00:58:37,839
corn

1307
00:58:42,789 --> 00:58:40,240
they built the device

1308
00:58:46,549 --> 00:58:42,799
ran it and made a lot of money and he

1309
00:58:51,109 --> 00:58:48,789
but it's the first patent

1310
00:58:52,710 --> 00:58:51,119
issued to the colonies was issued for an

1311
00:58:55,349 --> 00:58:52,720
invention by a woman

1312
00:59:06,470 --> 00:58:56,309
now

1313
00:59:08,870 --> 00:59:06,480
lived a wild life

1314
00:59:11,349 --> 00:59:08,880
her translation of newton is still the

1315
00:59:12,309 --> 00:59:11,359
only french translation she transfused

1316
00:59:18,549 --> 00:59:12,319
french

1317
00:59:21,589 --> 00:59:18,559
she and both she lived with voltaire and

1318
00:59:22,789 --> 00:59:21,599
they formed a a competition

1319
00:59:25,910 --> 00:59:22,799
in in

1320
00:59:28,630 --> 00:59:25,920
science they wrote they disagreed on the

1321
00:59:30,789 --> 00:59:28,640
concept of what fire was and they wrote

1322
00:59:32,630 --> 00:59:30,799
essays and submitted them to the french

1323
00:59:35,270 --> 00:59:32,640
academy of sciences

1324
00:59:38,309 --> 00:59:35,280
the essays did not win first prize but

1325
00:59:40,710 --> 00:59:38,319
they ran one honorable mention so she is

1326
00:59:43,589 --> 00:59:40,720
the first woman to be published in the

1327
00:59:45,829 --> 00:59:43,599
french academy of sciences

1328
00:59:46,789 --> 00:59:45,839
but i have her here because of what

1329
00:59:50,870 --> 00:59:46,799
she's

1330
00:59:54,549 --> 00:59:52,470
judge me

1331
00:59:56,789 --> 00:59:54,559
for my own merits

1332
01:00:00,950 --> 00:59:56,799
or lack of them

1333
01:00:05,430 --> 01:00:00,960
but do not look upon me as a mere

1334
01:00:09,670 --> 01:00:05,440
appendage to this great general or that

1335
01:00:11,349 --> 01:00:09,680
great scholar i am in my own right a

1336
01:00:14,870 --> 01:00:11,359
whole person

1337
01:00:16,710 --> 01:00:14,880
responsible to myself alone for

1338
01:00:21,589 --> 01:00:16,720
all that i am

1339
01:00:25,430 --> 01:00:23,589
it may be

1340
01:00:27,430 --> 01:00:25,440
that there are metaphysicians and

1341
01:00:29,510 --> 01:00:27,440
philosophers whose learning is greater

1342
01:00:32,789 --> 01:00:29,520
than mine

1343
01:00:33,990 --> 01:00:32,799
although i have not met them

1344
01:00:37,670 --> 01:00:34,000
yet

1345
01:00:40,390 --> 01:00:37,680
they are but frail humans too

1346
01:00:41,589 --> 01:00:40,400
and have their faults

1347
01:00:44,950 --> 01:00:41,599
so

1348
01:00:46,630 --> 01:00:44,960
when i add the sum total of

1349
01:00:48,950 --> 01:00:46,640
my graces

1350
01:00:52,309 --> 01:00:48,960
i confess i am in

1351
01:00:55,190 --> 01:00:52,319
i am inferior to no one i think that's

1352
01:00:59,510 --> 01:00:55,200
another wonderful quote and it's just as

1353
01:01:04,630 --> 01:01:02,549
maria agnesi was italian she was called

1354
01:01:07,190 --> 01:01:04,640
the oracle of the seven tongues because

1355
01:01:10,470 --> 01:01:07,200
by the time she was seven she could read

1356
01:01:12,470 --> 01:01:10,480
write and speak seven languages

1357
01:01:15,030 --> 01:01:12,480
those are the seven languages around her

1358
01:01:16,630 --> 01:01:15,040
she was a mathematician

1359
01:01:18,230 --> 01:01:16,640
and she

1360
01:01:20,069 --> 01:01:18,240
wrote a book

1361
01:01:22,470 --> 01:01:20,079
in mathematics

1362
01:01:24,549 --> 01:01:22,480
that was going to be used as a textbook

1363
01:01:25,589 --> 01:01:24,559
and in that textbook

1364
01:01:28,390 --> 01:01:25,599
she

1365
01:01:29,990 --> 01:01:28,400
solved a curve

1366
01:01:32,950 --> 01:01:30,000
it's called the curve of the which of

1367
01:01:36,549 --> 01:01:32,960
agnesi and those of you who have taken

1368
01:01:37,750 --> 01:01:36,559
algebra and geometry uh

1369
01:01:39,990 --> 01:01:37,760
calculus

1370
01:01:41,750 --> 01:01:40,000
you may have come across i did in school

1371
01:01:43,109 --> 01:01:41,760
i came across the curve of the witch of

1372
01:01:46,150 --> 01:01:43,119
magnesi

1373
01:01:48,230 --> 01:01:46,160
now they did not think she was a witch

1374
01:01:51,430 --> 01:01:48,240
that wasn't the problem

1375
01:01:54,510 --> 01:01:51,440
the problem is that the curve

1376
01:02:00,309 --> 01:01:54,520
the word for curve in middle italian is

1377
01:02:04,150 --> 01:02:02,630
the person who translated it into

1378
01:02:09,270 --> 01:02:04,160
english

1379
01:02:12,069 --> 01:02:09,280
made a typo he misread that a apostrophe

1380
01:02:14,069 --> 01:02:12,079
as belonging to the rest of the word and

1381
01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:14,079
stuck an l in front of it

1382
01:02:17,829 --> 01:02:16,240
and that's

1383
01:02:20,870 --> 01:02:17,839
which or

1384
01:02:24,150 --> 01:02:20,880
cognate with adversary in english

1385
01:02:26,710 --> 01:02:24,160
so they think the curve is a witch not

1386
01:02:28,870 --> 01:02:26,720
maria agnesi

1387
01:02:30,789 --> 01:02:28,880
and the curve is this is the curve in

1388
01:02:31,910 --> 01:02:30,799
red just to show you the curve she

1389
01:02:34,150 --> 01:02:31,920
solved

1390
01:02:35,670 --> 01:02:34,160
we we can do that today with computers

1391
01:02:36,950 --> 01:02:35,680
very simply but she didn't have

1392
01:02:38,309 --> 01:02:36,960
computers

1393
01:02:41,990 --> 01:02:38,319
when she did it

1394
01:02:42,950 --> 01:02:42,000
the red shows the curve she solved as

1395
01:02:50,150 --> 01:02:42,960
and the

1396
01:02:54,069 --> 01:02:52,230
dr mary walker

1397
01:02:57,589 --> 01:02:54,079
you may have heard of

1398
01:02:58,870 --> 01:02:57,599
was a surgeon in the civil war

1399
01:03:00,309 --> 01:02:58,880
and she

1400
01:03:02,470 --> 01:03:00,319
was honored

1401
01:03:03,510 --> 01:03:02,480
by the government for her work as a

1402
01:03:05,910 --> 01:03:03,520
surgeon

1403
01:03:08,710 --> 01:03:05,920
by the congressional medal of honor

1404
01:03:09,670 --> 01:03:08,720
the only one given to a woman

1405
01:03:12,150 --> 01:03:09,680
and

1406
01:03:15,190 --> 01:03:12,160
that's fine she accepted it that was

1407
01:03:18,390 --> 01:03:15,200
great but afterwards after the civil war

1408
01:03:20,630 --> 01:03:18,400
was over she joined the group of women

1409
01:03:23,349 --> 01:03:20,640
who wore bloomers

1410
01:03:27,349 --> 01:03:23,359
and bloomers were a bad thing they were

1411
01:03:29,029 --> 01:03:27,359
worn by women of low moral

1412
01:03:31,430 --> 01:03:29,039
standards

1413
01:03:33,109 --> 01:03:31,440
and so the government said

1414
01:03:35,190 --> 01:03:33,119
we've given the congressional medal of

1415
01:03:37,670 --> 01:03:35,200
honor to a woman who has

1416
01:03:40,309 --> 01:03:37,680
not high standards they asked for the

1417
01:03:42,549 --> 01:03:40,319
medal back

1418
01:03:44,630 --> 01:03:42,559
i think her family by that time she had

1419
01:03:47,109 --> 01:03:44,640
died i think her family refused to give

1420
01:03:49,430 --> 01:03:47,119
it back but nonetheless they retracted

1421
01:03:51,270 --> 01:03:49,440
the congressional medal of honor and it

1422
01:03:52,230 --> 01:03:51,280
wasn't until jimmy president jimmy

1423
01:03:54,390 --> 01:03:52,240
carter

1424
01:03:57,349 --> 01:03:54,400
that he restored the medal of honor to

1425
01:04:02,710 --> 01:03:57,359
her family legally so they can now

1426
01:04:08,470 --> 01:04:04,950
florence nightingale

1427
01:04:10,630 --> 01:04:08,480
for her contributions to army statistics

1428
01:04:12,630 --> 01:04:10,640
she was a statistician

1429
01:04:14,789 --> 01:04:12,640
and she became the first woman to be

1430
01:04:17,670 --> 01:04:14,799
elected a fellow of the statistical

1431
01:04:19,829 --> 01:04:17,680
society and it was her writings on

1432
01:04:22,309 --> 01:04:19,839
massive hospital planning in others how

1433
01:04:24,950 --> 01:04:22,319
do you plan a hospital that's going to

1434
01:04:30,390 --> 01:04:24,960
treat people coming in fast and

1435
01:04:36,309 --> 01:04:33,430
that technique she set up

1436
01:04:38,710 --> 01:04:36,319
established the techniques we use today

1437
01:04:41,670 --> 01:04:38,720
in setting up hospitals

1438
01:04:44,150 --> 01:04:41,680
hospital planning

1439
01:04:47,029 --> 01:04:44,160
so she was quite a an important

1440
01:04:50,470 --> 01:04:48,870
washing machines i'm almost at the end

1441
01:04:52,829 --> 01:04:50,480
washing machines

1442
01:04:55,349 --> 01:04:52,839
you must know that before washing

1443
01:04:56,630 --> 01:04:55,359
machines nobody washed clothes it was

1444
01:04:59,750 --> 01:04:56,640
too much work

1445
01:05:01,990 --> 01:04:59,760
you wore your clothes all season long

1446
01:05:04,069 --> 01:05:02,000
and because they got dirty and full of

1447
01:05:05,270 --> 01:05:04,079
fleas and everything you could get all

1448
01:05:07,190 --> 01:05:05,280
kinds of

1449
01:05:10,150 --> 01:05:07,200
fleaborn diseases

1450
01:05:13,750 --> 01:05:10,160
so people were constantly sick or

1451
01:05:20,069 --> 01:05:16,630
in 1691 the first patent for a washing

1452
01:05:22,870 --> 01:05:20,079
machine was issued and then in 1782 the

1453
01:05:25,829 --> 01:05:22,880
hand operating rotating drone and that's

1454
01:05:29,109 --> 01:05:25,839
the picture that looks very difficult to

1455
01:05:31,750 --> 01:05:29,119
use i wouldn't want to use it in 1782 so

1456
01:05:34,630 --> 01:05:31,760
even then it was too difficult to wash

1457
01:05:37,510 --> 01:05:34,640
clothes on a routine basis

1458
01:05:40,390 --> 01:05:37,520
you do them very rarely

1459
01:05:42,870 --> 01:05:40,400
but in 1888

1460
01:05:44,470 --> 01:05:42,880
came the patent for the rotary press

1461
01:05:51,990 --> 01:05:44,480
attachment

1462
01:05:54,710 --> 01:05:52,000
i've used a washing machine like that

1463
01:05:57,430 --> 01:05:54,720
and all of a sudden it became feasible

1464
01:05:59,990 --> 01:05:57,440
to wash clothes regularly

1465
01:06:02,309 --> 01:06:00,000
and all of it all of a sudden

1466
01:06:04,789 --> 01:06:02,319
the disease rate dropped

1467
01:06:07,510 --> 01:06:04,799
right around the turn of the the

1468
01:06:10,870 --> 01:06:07,520
uh 2 19 1900s

1469
01:06:15,349 --> 01:06:12,870
they people weren't as sick they they

1470
01:06:18,710 --> 01:06:15,359
were wearing clean clothes and that made

1471
01:06:19,990 --> 01:06:18,720
a huge difference in their health

1472
01:06:21,349 --> 01:06:20,000
the patent

1473
01:06:24,549 --> 01:06:21,359
for the

1474
01:06:27,510 --> 01:06:24,559
that rotary press attachment was sold

1475
01:06:32,789 --> 01:06:28,549
and

1476
01:06:33,910 --> 01:06:32,799
known that a negro woman patented the

1477
01:06:36,549 --> 01:06:33,920
invention

1478
01:06:38,549 --> 01:06:36,559
white ladies would not buy the ringer

1479
01:06:40,950 --> 01:06:38,559
i was afraid to be known because of my

1480
01:06:43,589 --> 01:06:40,960
color in having it introduced into the

1481
01:06:47,349 --> 01:06:43,599
market and that is the only reason

1482
01:06:49,670 --> 01:06:47,359
so in 1888 she sold the patent for 18

1483
01:06:53,270 --> 01:06:49,680
which i think is very sad that she had

1484
01:06:57,109 --> 01:06:53,280
to do that ellen egg louis and she's a

1485
01:07:01,910 --> 01:07:00,069
beatrix potter was a mycologist she

1486
01:07:04,069 --> 01:07:01,920
studied the fungus

1487
01:07:06,150 --> 01:07:04,079
and she did a lot of

1488
01:07:08,390 --> 01:07:06,160
groundbreaking work but nobody would pay

1489
01:07:09,589 --> 01:07:08,400
attention because she was a female so

1490
01:07:12,470 --> 01:07:09,599
she got

1491
01:07:15,510 --> 01:07:12,480
depressed and retreated to her

1492
01:07:17,990 --> 01:07:15,520
home and wrote the books on peter rabbit

1493
01:07:20,470 --> 01:07:18,000
so we we get peter rabbit from her but

1494
01:07:21,510 --> 01:07:20,480
we lost her science on on the humble

1495
01:07:23,910 --> 01:07:21,520
fungus

1496
01:07:26,549 --> 01:07:23,920
today they are digging up her her

1497
01:07:31,349 --> 01:07:26,559
original works and trying to restore her

1498
01:07:38,390 --> 01:07:34,150
now hedy lamarr was a femme fatale of

1499
01:07:40,630 --> 01:07:38,400
the 1940s movies industry in hollywood

1500
01:07:43,589 --> 01:07:40,640
and she said anybody can be glamorous

1501
01:07:45,829 --> 01:07:43,599
just stand still and look stupid

1502
01:07:47,829 --> 01:07:45,839
well that would mean if you're smart you

1503
01:07:49,910 --> 01:07:47,839
look like mrs pifflesnick there on the

1504
01:07:51,430 --> 01:07:49,920
right well we don't look like that

1505
01:07:53,750 --> 01:07:51,440
either

1506
01:07:56,710 --> 01:07:53,760
we are allowed to be as

1507
01:07:58,789 --> 01:07:56,720
any dress any way we like and look any

1508
01:08:02,150 --> 01:07:58,799
way we like we can be glamorous we can

1509
01:08:04,549 --> 01:08:02,160
be ugly we can be anything we like

1510
01:08:07,349 --> 01:08:04,559
now why did i pick hedy lamarr i picked

1511
01:08:09,829 --> 01:08:07,359
one person from the 20th century and i

1512
01:08:12,309 --> 01:08:09,839
picked hedy lamarr

1513
01:08:14,069 --> 01:08:12,319
she and george antheal invented

1514
01:08:16,309 --> 01:08:14,079
frequency hopping

1515
01:08:18,789 --> 01:08:16,319
for world war ii to prevent jamming

1516
01:08:20,950 --> 01:08:18,799
signals sent to torpedoes

1517
01:08:22,870 --> 01:08:20,960
she was granted the patent

1518
01:08:25,269 --> 01:08:22,880
and it's renamed

1519
01:08:28,550 --> 01:08:25,279
spread spectrum technology

1520
01:08:31,110 --> 01:08:28,560
and the reason your cell phone can pick

1521
01:08:33,990 --> 01:08:31,120
the your recipient out of all the

1522
01:08:36,390 --> 01:08:34,000
billions of cell phone calls going on

1523
01:08:39,269 --> 01:08:36,400
is because of what she invented

1524
01:08:41,829 --> 01:08:39,279
frequency hopping

1525
01:08:43,430 --> 01:08:41,839
so she is the one 20th century person i

1526
01:08:46,550 --> 01:08:43,440
put in because people wouldn't think of

1527
01:08:50,309 --> 01:08:46,560
an actress as being a scientist but she

1528
01:08:55,189 --> 01:08:52,870
this is my definition of a scientist

1529
01:08:57,829 --> 01:08:55,199
i've stitched my dress with continents

1530
01:09:00,229 --> 01:08:57,839
bound the equator around my waist

1531
01:09:01,590 --> 01:09:00,239
i waltz to a steady rhythm bending

1532
01:09:04,229 --> 01:09:01,600
slightly

1533
01:09:07,669 --> 01:09:04,239
i can't stop my arms plunging into

1534
01:09:10,950 --> 01:09:07,679
galaxies gloved elbows in adhesive gold

1535
01:09:13,189 --> 01:09:10,960
i carry on my arms a star's vaccine

1536
01:09:15,669 --> 01:09:13,199
with such greedy sight my eyelids

1537
01:09:17,910 --> 01:09:15,679
flutter in the breeze like a strange

1538
01:09:20,950 --> 01:09:17,920
enthusiastic plant

1539
01:09:23,430 --> 01:09:20,960
no one fears me except error

1540
01:09:27,189 --> 01:09:23,440
who is everywhere

1541
01:09:29,510 --> 01:09:27,199
and when i act nina cassian was a

1542
01:09:31,590 --> 01:09:29,520
national poet of romania

1543
01:09:34,870 --> 01:09:31,600
and when i asked her if i had permission

1544
01:09:36,789 --> 01:09:34,880
to use her poem she asked me said sure

1545
01:09:38,070 --> 01:09:36,799
you can use my poem what did what do you

1546
01:09:39,990 --> 01:09:38,080
think it meant

1547
01:09:42,229 --> 01:09:40,000
and i told her it meant to me what a

1548
01:09:44,149 --> 01:09:42,239
scientist was and she said oh that's

1549
01:09:46,630 --> 01:09:44,159
interesting i didn't i wasn't thinking

1550
01:09:49,829 --> 01:09:46,640
of science when i wrote it

1551
01:09:52,950 --> 01:09:49,839
don't know what she was thinking of

1552
01:09:55,590 --> 01:09:52,960
any rate where at the end no pessimist

1553
01:09:58,229 --> 01:09:55,600
ever discovered the secrets of the stars

1554
01:10:00,709 --> 01:09:58,239
or sailed to an uncharted land

1555
01:10:02,790 --> 01:10:00,719
or opened a new heaven to the human

1556
01:10:04,950 --> 01:10:02,800
spirit if you don't know who helen

1557
01:10:07,830 --> 01:10:04,960
keller is google her she was a wonderful

1558
01:10:10,950 --> 01:10:07,840
lady of the 20th century not a scientist

1559
01:10:12,790 --> 01:10:10,960
but nonetheless a wonderful lady

1560
01:10:16,390 --> 01:10:12,800
and

1561
01:10:19,830 --> 01:10:16,400
the url for the

1562
01:10:22,070 --> 01:10:19,840
webpage for students is given there

1563
01:10:24,229 --> 01:10:22,080
and the book that contains all the

1564
01:10:25,910 --> 01:10:24,239
stories that i know about all the women

1565
01:10:27,990 --> 01:10:25,920
i have so far

1566
01:10:30,550 --> 01:10:28,000
uh about 400

1567
01:10:34,950 --> 01:10:30,560
uh is called the hidden giants third

1568
01:10:39,270 --> 01:10:37,910
and we i at this point i will

1569
01:10:41,350 --> 01:10:39,280
stop

1570
01:10:44,709 --> 01:10:41,360
sharing the screen

1571
01:10:47,189 --> 01:10:44,719
if that's okay

1572
01:10:49,990 --> 01:10:47,199
that's great no that's wonderful

1573
01:10:52,550 --> 01:10:50,000
thank you very much seth ann that was a

1574
01:10:54,870 --> 01:10:52,560
tremendous amount of information that

1575
01:10:57,189 --> 01:10:54,880
i as a professional scientist knew very

1576
01:10:58,630 --> 01:10:57,199
little of i mean and there were a number

1577
01:11:00,870 --> 01:10:58,640
of names that you gave out there that i

1578
01:11:03,990 --> 01:11:00,880
said oh yeah i know but if you'd asked

1579
01:11:05,750 --> 01:11:04,000
me what exactly they did uh i would have

1580
01:11:08,070 --> 01:11:05,760
been hard-pressed to come through so i

1581
01:11:08,790 --> 01:11:08,080
really really enjoyed this talk oh thank

1582
01:11:14,630 --> 01:11:08,800
you

1583
01:11:15,430 --> 01:11:14,640
have an actual tablet okay yeah there it

1584
01:11:21,669 --> 01:11:15,440
is

1585
01:11:23,110 --> 01:11:21,679
it's a it's a dr lulu's prescription

1586
01:11:25,510 --> 01:11:23,120
tablet

1587
01:11:27,430 --> 01:11:25,520
okay yet uh uh

1588
01:11:29,430 --> 01:11:27,440
apparently they had a lot of trouble

1589
01:11:31,350 --> 01:11:29,440
with boils

1590
01:11:34,310 --> 01:11:31,360
and they had a lot of recipes for

1591
01:11:37,990 --> 01:11:34,320
treating boils you see how small it is i

1592
01:11:40,390 --> 01:11:38,000
mean it's just not that weird you can

1593
01:11:42,870 --> 01:11:40,400
a very hard time thinking how you would

1594
01:11:45,430 --> 01:11:42,880
do that on a tablet so tiny

1595
01:11:47,110 --> 01:11:45,440
well really kind of amazing very gifted

1596
01:11:49,750 --> 01:11:47,120
now if you look

1597
01:11:52,310 --> 01:11:49,760
i don't want to destroy it you see the

1598
01:11:54,950 --> 01:11:52,320
blank rectangle yeah

1599
01:11:57,350 --> 01:11:54,960
well the blank rectangle is used as

1600
01:12:01,030 --> 01:11:57,360
their database

1601
01:12:03,510 --> 01:12:01,040
line one to a thousand of tablet one

1602
01:12:06,310 --> 01:12:03,520
lines one thousand one to two thousand

1603
01:12:07,910 --> 01:12:06,320
of tablet two so this was their card

1604
01:12:09,910 --> 01:12:07,920
catalog

1605
01:12:11,030 --> 01:12:09,920
now he only had one so there's nothing

1606
01:12:13,270 --> 01:12:11,040
on it

1607
01:12:15,189 --> 01:12:13,280
and it would fit in his pocket

1608
01:12:17,830 --> 01:12:15,199
or her pocket i don't know whether dr

1609
01:12:19,270 --> 01:12:17,840
lulu was a him or her i just know it was

1610
01:12:20,830 --> 01:12:19,280
dr lulu

1611
01:12:24,149 --> 01:12:20,840
and it's on both

1612
01:12:27,669 --> 01:12:24,159
sides the back side isn't as is well

1613
01:12:30,709 --> 01:12:27,679
preserved as the front side this side

1614
01:12:32,310 --> 01:12:30,719
but i think that's a real tablet from

1615
01:12:34,870 --> 01:12:32,320
they can they let me have this one they

1616
01:12:36,630 --> 01:12:34,880
wouldn't let me have hers and hedawanas

1617
01:12:39,030 --> 01:12:36,640
but they let me have this one well

1618
01:12:41,590 --> 01:12:39,040
that's quite a treat to have and i'm

1619
01:12:42,790 --> 01:12:41,600
glad we don't have to write so small

1620
01:12:45,030 --> 01:12:42,800
these days

1621
01:12:46,310 --> 01:12:45,040
and i'm also glad that you know the cue

1622
01:12:48,950 --> 01:12:46,320
the uh

1623
01:12:51,030 --> 01:12:48,960
the use of of uh the

1624
01:12:53,030 --> 01:12:51,040
how you treat boils is not quite as

1625
01:12:55,990 --> 01:12:53,040
necessary today as well

1626
01:12:57,510 --> 01:12:56,000
yes it wasn't it was very ugly but the

1627
01:12:59,110 --> 01:12:57,520
solution

1628
01:13:01,030 --> 01:12:59,120
you mix things together that you

1629
01:13:04,070 --> 01:13:01,040
wouldn't want to mix

1630
01:13:06,470 --> 01:13:04,080
all right so uh grant justice has been

1631
01:13:08,630 --> 01:13:06,480
monitoring the chat on youtube uh so

1632
01:13:11,510 --> 01:13:08,640
grant why don't you turn on your video

1633
01:13:13,270 --> 01:13:11,520
um and let us know if you found any uh

1634
01:13:14,630 --> 01:13:13,280
interesting questions in the youtube

1635
01:13:18,470 --> 01:13:14,640
chat

1636
01:13:21,030 --> 01:13:18,480
audience tonight

1637
01:13:22,550 --> 01:13:21,040
um so first off and this is one that i

1638
01:13:24,870 --> 01:13:22,560
wanted you to give a little more

1639
01:13:27,350 --> 01:13:24,880
clarification on as well

1640
01:13:29,510 --> 01:13:27,360
the uh the chats caught this

1641
01:13:30,950 --> 01:13:29,520
when you said that the dark ages weren't

1642
01:13:33,430 --> 01:13:30,960
really dark

1643
01:13:37,669 --> 01:13:33,440
you did talk about it a little bit about

1644
01:13:40,550 --> 01:13:37,679
some like modest monostatic uh learning

1645
01:13:41,990 --> 01:13:40,560
and yeah some more like theology based

1646
01:13:43,430 --> 01:13:42,000
but would you elaborate a little more on

1647
01:13:44,550 --> 01:13:43,440
what you mean it's because of the

1648
01:13:46,630 --> 01:13:44,560
schooling

1649
01:13:48,470 --> 01:13:46,640
the convents and monasteries the

1650
01:13:50,229 --> 01:13:48,480
convents trained the girls the

1651
01:13:53,110 --> 01:13:50,239
monasteries trained the boys in the

1652
01:13:54,149 --> 01:13:53,120
seven liberal arts so they weren't they

1653
01:13:56,630 --> 01:13:54,159
weren't

1654
01:13:58,870 --> 01:13:56,640
indoctrinated into a religion they were

1655
01:14:01,110 --> 01:13:58,880
they were they went to school and these

1656
01:14:04,310 --> 01:14:01,120
were actual schools run by the convents

1657
01:14:05,990 --> 01:14:04,320
and and monasteries so to me that's not

1658
01:14:08,870 --> 01:14:06,000
a dark age

1659
01:14:10,709 --> 01:14:08,880
and the monks and the con the nuns were

1660
01:14:11,990 --> 01:14:10,719
learning people who could read and write

1661
01:14:13,510 --> 01:14:12,000
and cipher

1662
01:14:15,830 --> 01:14:13,520
and

1663
01:14:17,430 --> 01:14:15,840
i don't find that dark

1664
01:14:19,750 --> 01:14:17,440
now the roman

1665
01:14:20,630 --> 01:14:19,760
empire had fallen

1666
01:14:23,990 --> 01:14:20,640
and

1667
01:14:26,870 --> 01:14:24,000
maybe road travel was not easy but each

1668
01:14:29,750 --> 01:14:26,880
little place built its convent and its

1669
01:14:34,149 --> 01:14:29,760
monastery all over the place

1670
01:14:35,350 --> 01:14:34,159
and i have several uh names of famous

1671
01:14:37,750 --> 01:14:35,360
abbesses

1672
01:14:39,750 --> 01:14:37,760
who ran schools

1673
01:14:41,430 --> 01:14:39,760
several in england several in germany

1674
01:14:43,510 --> 01:14:41,440
several in france

1675
01:14:46,070 --> 01:14:43,520
and italy of course was always ahead

1676
01:14:47,430 --> 01:14:46,080
with the women

1677
01:14:50,310 --> 01:14:47,440
so i'd like to follow up with that

1678
01:14:52,630 --> 01:14:50,320
because um you mentioned that astronomy

1679
01:14:54,630 --> 01:14:52,640
is one of the seven liberal arts and

1680
01:14:57,110 --> 01:14:54,640
that you know the first scientist was

1681
01:15:00,149 --> 01:14:57,120
part astronomer right that you you look

1682
01:15:03,669 --> 01:15:00,159
at that and when you look at today's

1683
01:15:06,310 --> 01:15:03,679
lang today's education uh it's rare to

1684
01:15:07,990 --> 01:15:06,320
find a high school that has as astronomy

1685
01:15:10,390 --> 01:15:08,000
classes in it and such

1686
01:15:12,709 --> 01:15:10,400
and so it's interesting how our

1687
01:15:14,550 --> 01:15:12,719
technological behavior our our

1688
01:15:16,310 --> 01:15:14,560
technological understanding and our

1689
01:15:17,990 --> 01:15:16,320
ability to keep track of time because

1690
01:15:20,470 --> 01:15:18,000
astronomers were really important early

1691
01:15:22,790 --> 01:15:20,480
on because the calendar and such

1692
01:15:23,830 --> 01:15:22,800
made astronomy less important on a daily

1693
01:15:26,149 --> 01:15:23,840
basis

1694
01:15:28,470 --> 01:15:26,159
yes and unfortunately i think it's very

1695
01:15:30,630 --> 01:15:28,480
unfortunate but they no longer teach the

1696
01:15:33,990 --> 01:15:30,640
seven liberal arts

1697
01:15:37,350 --> 01:15:35,030
writing

1698
01:15:39,990 --> 01:15:37,360
not script but printing

1699
01:15:42,070 --> 01:15:40,000
and uh that's about it they don't teach

1700
01:15:44,870 --> 01:15:42,080
much math

1701
01:15:46,070 --> 01:15:44,880
the students don't get a good grounding

1702
01:15:49,110 --> 01:15:46,080
in math

1703
01:15:50,550 --> 01:15:49,120
the way they did 100 years ago

1704
01:15:53,990 --> 01:15:50,560
okay

1705
01:15:55,830 --> 01:15:54,000
well um you know i it's as an astronomer

1706
01:15:57,750 --> 01:15:55,840
you know it's interesting to sort of uh

1707
01:15:59,189 --> 01:15:57,760
look back and and say oh yeah astronomy

1708
01:16:01,350 --> 01:15:59,199
was much more important important

1709
01:16:03,110 --> 01:16:01,360
earlier on um

1710
01:16:04,550 --> 01:16:03,120
because it really affected your daily

1711
01:16:06,630 --> 01:16:04,560
life and the planting of crops and

1712
01:16:08,470 --> 01:16:06,640
everything and you know i always like to

1713
01:16:10,550 --> 01:16:08,480
point out that you know you're down at

1714
01:16:13,830 --> 01:16:10,560
usno you guys are the official time

1715
01:16:15,510 --> 01:16:13,840
keepers of the world yes

1716
01:16:16,630 --> 01:16:15,520
astronomers are responsible for the

1717
01:16:18,870 --> 01:16:16,640
calendar

1718
01:16:23,669 --> 01:16:18,880
yes i was chief of the nautical almanac

1719
01:16:24,950 --> 01:16:23,679
office i did the astronomical almanac

1720
01:16:27,430 --> 01:16:24,960
all right grant what else we got from

1721
01:16:29,189 --> 01:16:27,440
the chat absolutely i'm just enjoying

1722
01:16:31,510 --> 01:16:29,199
everywhere that you have been in your

1723
01:16:34,070 --> 01:16:31,520
life thus far

1724
01:16:36,070 --> 01:16:34,080
you've like a rolodex of jobs that you

1725
01:16:39,430 --> 01:16:36,080
just pull out like oh yeah i did that i

1726
01:16:42,470 --> 01:16:39,440
was the head of that for five years

1727
01:16:44,470 --> 01:16:42,480
um this is one that i actually it's not

1728
01:16:46,149 --> 01:16:44,480
necessarily as topic related but

1729
01:16:47,510 --> 01:16:46,159
hildegard you were talking a little bit

1730
01:16:48,630 --> 01:16:47,520
about that it was some of the music that

1731
01:16:50,950 --> 01:16:48,640
you shared

1732
01:16:53,350 --> 01:16:50,960
um the chat mentioned this as well was

1733
01:16:55,350 --> 01:16:53,360
that not the first usage of polyphonic

1734
01:16:58,070 --> 01:16:55,360
music as well

1735
01:17:00,149 --> 01:16:58,080
uh i don't know it may have been i

1736
01:17:01,030 --> 01:17:00,159
really that one i don't know the answer

1737
01:17:04,390 --> 01:17:01,040
to

1738
01:17:06,229 --> 01:17:04,400
um because it was early gregorian chant

1739
01:17:08,149 --> 01:17:06,239
this was still early for gregorian

1740
01:17:09,590 --> 01:17:08,159
chance so it could could well have been

1741
01:17:11,510 --> 01:17:09,600
the first

1742
01:17:13,270 --> 01:17:11,520
two

1743
01:17:15,030 --> 01:17:13,280
i don't know

1744
01:17:17,830 --> 01:17:15,040
all i know is people tell me they

1745
01:17:19,990 --> 01:17:17,840
fainted when they hear her music

1746
01:17:22,070 --> 01:17:20,000
because it was so beautiful yeah at the

1747
01:17:24,870 --> 01:17:22,080
time especially given the resonance in

1748
01:17:27,189 --> 01:17:24,880
the cathedrals

1749
01:17:29,189 --> 01:17:27,199
yeah that is just so much fun when you

1750
01:17:32,550 --> 01:17:29,199
walk into these giant cathedrals and you

1751
01:17:35,990 --> 01:17:32,560
really hear it resonating through

1752
01:17:37,590 --> 01:17:36,000
la sagrada familia in barcelona

1753
01:17:39,270 --> 01:17:37,600
we entered in that and they played some

1754
01:17:40,870 --> 01:17:39,280
beautiful music that resonated

1755
01:17:43,990 --> 01:17:40,880
throughout and i was just

1756
01:17:46,070 --> 01:17:44,000
wow what an experience

1757
01:17:48,709 --> 01:17:46,080
um videographer experience in the

1758
01:17:50,550 --> 01:17:48,719
commons stsci is space telescope science

1759
01:17:53,669 --> 01:17:50,560
institute that's where we're located and

1760
01:17:57,430 --> 01:17:55,189
all right so

1761
01:17:59,270 --> 01:17:57,440
um another one that i don't think i saw

1762
01:18:02,550 --> 01:17:59,280
in the talk that the the chat was

1763
01:18:06,070 --> 01:18:02,560
talking about is ada lovelace oh yes i i

1764
01:18:07,350 --> 01:18:06,080
left out as i said everyone i put had 29

1765
01:18:09,030 --> 01:18:07,360
behind her

1766
01:18:09,990 --> 01:18:09,040
and and

1767
01:18:13,430 --> 01:18:10,000
ada

1768
01:18:15,189 --> 01:18:13,440
the countess of lovelace was

1769
01:18:16,790 --> 01:18:15,199
the daughter of

1770
01:18:21,350 --> 01:18:16,800
of um

1771
01:18:28,470 --> 01:18:24,870
oh well it doesn't matter she became a a

1772
01:18:32,709 --> 01:18:31,189
somebody who who monitored babbage sir

1773
01:18:34,550 --> 01:18:32,719
charles babbage

1774
01:18:37,270 --> 01:18:34,560
and babbage wrote the fir

1775
01:18:39,510 --> 01:18:37,280
built design didn't build designed the

1776
01:18:42,310 --> 01:18:39,520
first difference engine which is

1777
01:18:43,110 --> 01:18:42,320
essentially a pre-computer

1778
01:18:45,750 --> 01:18:43,120
and

1779
01:18:46,790 --> 01:18:45,760
she wrote the subroutine that would make

1780
01:18:49,350 --> 01:18:46,800
it run

1781
01:18:53,350 --> 01:18:49,360
so when they actually

1782
01:18:57,189 --> 01:18:53,360
built the device in the mid 20th century

1783
01:18:59,189 --> 01:18:57,199
they ran her subroutine and it worked

1784
01:19:00,870 --> 01:18:59,199
so she is known as the world's first

1785
01:19:02,470 --> 01:19:00,880
computer programmer

1786
01:19:03,350 --> 01:19:02,480
and

1787
01:19:05,910 --> 01:19:03,360
the

1788
01:19:10,390 --> 01:19:05,920
dod language ada

1789
01:19:15,830 --> 01:19:12,950
and wikipedia uh says that she's the

1790
01:19:17,270 --> 01:19:15,840
only child of lord byron not lord byron

1791
01:19:18,709 --> 01:19:17,280
that's why i couldn't think of his name

1792
01:19:20,390 --> 01:19:18,719
my offhand

1793
01:19:22,070 --> 01:19:20,400
yes

1794
01:19:24,229 --> 01:19:22,080
and that

1795
01:19:26,630 --> 01:19:24,239
he didn't grow up under his tutelage

1796
01:19:28,709 --> 01:19:26,640
however his mother her mother

1797
01:19:31,990 --> 01:19:28,719
withdrew her from his

1798
01:19:34,950 --> 01:19:32,000
tutelage and raised her on her own

1799
01:19:37,750 --> 01:19:34,960
and she read math books on her own and

1800
01:19:39,270 --> 01:19:37,760
then corresponded with babbage about

1801
01:19:40,229 --> 01:19:39,280
designing the

1802
01:19:45,830 --> 01:19:40,239
uh

1803
01:19:48,630 --> 01:19:46,870
wonderful

1804
01:19:50,310 --> 01:19:48,640
yeah i was going to say i have a i had

1805
01:19:51,910 --> 01:19:50,320
three more questions written down but

1806
01:19:55,350 --> 01:19:51,920
you actually answered them throughout

1807
01:19:56,790 --> 01:19:55,360
your talk and most if not all of the the

1808
01:19:58,870 --> 01:19:56,800
names that were thrown out in the

1809
01:20:02,070 --> 01:19:58,880
beginning were part of your presentation

1810
01:20:04,310 --> 01:20:02,080
as well so you've done a good job of

1811
01:20:05,750 --> 01:20:04,320
quelling them before they came up oh

1812
01:20:07,830 --> 01:20:05,760
good

1813
01:20:10,629 --> 01:20:07,840
the very first very first thing i had

1814
01:20:15,270 --> 01:20:10,639
written down was uh hapatia and that was

1815
01:20:17,910 --> 01:20:16,229
thank you

1816
01:20:20,229 --> 01:20:17,920
yes we're

1817
01:20:22,629 --> 01:20:20,239
i used to do it the way the americans do

1818
01:20:25,270 --> 01:20:22,639
and i had a greek person in my audience

1819
01:20:27,430 --> 01:20:25,280
who yells at me

1820
01:20:30,390 --> 01:20:27,440
do not say it that way you say it

1821
01:20:31,990 --> 01:20:30,400
hipatia because she's greek

1822
01:20:34,070 --> 01:20:32,000
and that and that's kind of very it's

1823
01:20:35,590 --> 01:20:34,080
always useful to find it you know

1824
01:20:37,590 --> 01:20:35,600
because um

1825
01:20:39,110 --> 01:20:37,600
uh like tycho brahi all right i

1826
01:20:41,750 --> 01:20:39,120
pronounced it as tico bright other

1827
01:20:42,870 --> 01:20:41,760
people will call it tycho um and i'm not

1828
01:20:43,750 --> 01:20:42,880
like

1829
01:20:47,510 --> 01:20:43,760
i

1830
01:20:49,110 --> 01:20:47,520
speaker you know you always won't wonder

1831
01:20:51,030 --> 01:20:49,120
all right can i get the pronunciation

1832
01:20:51,910 --> 01:20:51,040
absolutely right i prefer to get it

1833
01:20:54,149 --> 01:20:51,920
right

1834
01:20:56,629 --> 01:20:54,159
and so we want to talk about sofia

1835
01:20:58,950 --> 01:20:56,639
instead of chico oh wow certainly sophia

1836
01:21:01,270 --> 01:20:58,960
yeah and you left out carolyn herschel

1837
01:21:04,629 --> 01:21:01,280
and you know i left out carolyn herschel

1838
01:21:05,669 --> 01:21:04,639
yes i didn't i left out mariah mitchell

1839
01:21:13,350 --> 01:21:05,679
i

1840
01:21:14,550 --> 01:21:13,360
good number of female astronomers

1841
01:21:16,550 --> 01:21:14,560
in our history

1842
01:21:18,550 --> 01:21:16,560
um and is there do you think there's any

1843
01:21:20,550 --> 01:21:18,560
particular reason for that i

1844
01:21:23,270 --> 01:21:20,560
can't well astronomy was one of the

1845
01:21:25,669 --> 01:21:23,280
seven liberal arts right so astronomers

1846
01:21:26,870 --> 01:21:25,679
were always part of the history of

1847
01:21:29,110 --> 01:21:26,880
science

1848
01:21:32,070 --> 01:21:29,120
mathis math astronomers went together

1849
01:21:33,750 --> 01:21:32,080
that uh if you hired a uh

1850
01:21:35,990 --> 01:21:33,760
the king would hire

1851
01:21:38,629 --> 01:21:36,000
a math astronomer

1852
01:21:40,830 --> 01:21:38,639
one person to do the calendar and the

1853
01:21:43,510 --> 01:21:40,840
math and everything

1854
01:21:45,990 --> 01:21:43,520
uh that went together

1855
01:21:47,669 --> 01:21:46,000
throughout history so you'd find women

1856
01:21:49,910 --> 01:21:47,679
there were lots of women hired by the

1857
01:21:53,430 --> 01:21:49,920
paris observatory

1858
01:21:55,669 --> 01:21:53,440
uh who did uh calculated almanacs

1859
01:21:57,189 --> 01:21:55,679
there's one in ancient spain

1860
01:21:59,270 --> 01:21:57,199
who

1861
01:22:02,390 --> 01:21:59,280
wrote almanacs

1862
01:22:04,310 --> 01:22:02,400
calculated almanacs for toledo

1863
01:22:07,030 --> 01:22:04,320
and uh

1864
01:22:09,590 --> 01:22:07,040
of course the nautical almanac office at

1865
01:22:12,149 --> 01:22:09,600
the u.s naval observatory was founded in

1866
01:22:15,430 --> 01:22:12,159
1848 and they hired a lot of women

1867
01:22:17,350 --> 01:22:15,440
mathematicians to calculate the books

1868
01:22:19,510 --> 01:22:17,360
because it takes a lot of calculation to

1869
01:22:20,790 --> 01:22:19,520
produce one book

1870
01:22:23,350 --> 01:22:20,800
yes

1871
01:22:25,910 --> 01:22:23,360
all right well um thomas has to go to

1872
01:22:28,550 --> 01:22:25,920
another event in a few minutes so

1873
01:22:30,310 --> 01:22:28,560
we're gonna have to wrap this up uh and

1874
01:22:31,990 --> 01:22:30,320
i just want to thank you so much for the

1875
01:22:34,149 --> 01:22:32,000
enlightenment you've brought to all of

1876
01:22:38,149 --> 01:22:34,159
us here and i want to remind our

1877
01:22:40,070 --> 01:22:38,159
audience that next month on december 7th

1878
01:22:42,790 --> 01:22:40,080
we will have the james webb space

1879
01:22:45,030 --> 01:22:42,800
telescope countdown to launch launch is

1880
01:22:47,750 --> 01:22:45,040
scheduled for december 18th everybody

1881
01:22:49,830 --> 01:22:47,760
cross your fingers cross your fingers

1882
01:22:51,590 --> 01:22:49,840
this is going to be fantastic

1883
01:22:52,950 --> 01:22:51,600
thank you all for coming and we'll see